{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:54:17Z","timestamp":1783547657548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209868\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209868\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/I02767X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/I02767X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HPLS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia was widely employed in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1970s. In this paper I will provide a history of the diagnosis. Some of the earliest publications on childhood schizophrenia outlined the notion that childhood schizophrenia had different types. I will outline the development of these types, outlining differing symptoms and causes associated with various types. I outline how different types of childhood schizophrenia were demarcated from one another primarily on age of onset and the type of psychosis which was believed to be present. I will outline how various child psychiatrists viewed the types of childhood schizophrenia posited by other child psychiatrists. I will outline the process of abandoning childhood schizophrenia. I use my history to challenge what I believe are misconceptions about childhood schizophrenia. Also, I will use my history to draw lessons for thinking about modern notions of autism. It shows potential problems around formulating psychiatric diagnoses around causes and how compromises might be needed to prevent those problems. Additionally, childhood schizophrenia shows that psychiatrists could formulate subtypes that are not based upon functioning levels and that we can conceive of subtypes as dynamic whereby someone can change which subtype they exhibit over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T15:02:14Z","timestamp":1723474934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A history of childhood schizophrenia and lessons for autism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4588-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Fellowes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376601100403","volume":"11","author":"H Alderton","year":"1966","unstructured":"Alderton, H., R. (1966). A review of schizophrenia in childhood. The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 11(4), 276\u2013285.","journal-title":"The Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/15.4.519","volume":"15","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Andreasen, N. C. (1989). The American concept of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15(4), 519\u2013531.","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"627_CR3","unstructured":"APA. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd edn.). American Psychiatric Association."},{"key":"627_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1947.tb04975.x","volume":"17","author":"L Bender","year":"1947","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1947). Childhood schizophrenia: A clinical study of 100 schizophrenic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 17, 40\u201356.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01562517","volume":"27","author":"L Bender","year":"1953","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1953). Childhood schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 27, 663\u2013681.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1956.tb06198.x","volume":"26","author":"L Bender","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1956). Childhood schizophrenia symposium. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26(3), 449\u2013506.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1959.tb00218.x","volume":"29","author":"L Bender","year":"1959","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1959a). The concept of pseudopsychopathic schizophrenia in adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 29(3), 491\u2013512.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR8","first-page":"81","volume":"64","author":"L Bender","year":"1959","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1959b). Autism in children with mental deficiency. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(1), 81\u201386.","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"627_CR9","first-page":"165","volume":"2","author":"L Bender","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bender, L. (1970). The life course of schizophrenic children. Biological Psychiatry, 2, 165\u2013172.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1956.tb06162.x","volume":"26","author":"L Bender","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bender, L., & Grugett, E. A. (1956). A study of certain epidemiological factors in a group of children with childhood schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26(1), 131\u2013145.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR11","unstructured":"Bradley, C. (1941). Schizophrenia in childhood. The Macmillian company."},{"key":"627_CR12","unstructured":"Cushing, S. (2013). Autism: The very idea. In J. Anderson, & S. Cushing (Eds.), The philosophy of autism (pp. 17\u201346). Rowman & Littlefield."},{"issue":"126","key":"627_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"B Cuthbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuthbert, B., & Insel, T. (2013). Towards the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11(126), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"627_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jaegher, H. (2021). Seeing and inviting participation in autistic interactions. Transcultural Psychiatry, 13634615211009627.","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/bhjfc"},{"key":"627_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01566197","volume":"12","author":"LJ Despert","year":"1938","unstructured":"Despert, L. J. (1938). Schizophrenia in children. Psychiatric Quarterly, 12, 366\u2013371.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Quarterly"},{"key":"627_CR16","first-page":"522","volume":"15","author":"LJ Despert","year":"1941","unstructured":"Despert, L. J. (1941). Thinking and motility disorder in a schizophrenic child. Clinical Psychiatry, 15, 522\u2013536.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR17","unstructured":"Despert, L. J. (1965). Schizophrenia in children. Bunner\/Mazel."},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1967.tb00490.x","volume":"37","author":"L Eaton","year":"1966","unstructured":"Eaton, L., & Menolascino, F. J. (1966). Psychotic reaction of childhood: A follow-up study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 37(3), 521\u2013529.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1960.tb02350.x","volume":"30","author":"AH Esman","year":"1960","unstructured":"Esman, A. H. (1960). Childhood psychosis and childhood schizophrenia. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 30(2), 391\u2013396.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, B. (2017). The metamorphosis of autism. Manchester University.","DOI":"10.26530\/OAPEN_625488"},{"key":"627_CR21","unstructured":"Eyal, G., Hart, B., Onculer, E., Oren, N., & Rossi, N. (2010). The autism matrix. Polity."},{"key":"627_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2016.11.002","volume":"61","author":"S Fellowes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fellowes, S. (2017). Putting the present in the history of autism. Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 61, 54\u201358.","journal-title":"Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences"},{"key":"627_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fellowes, S. (2021a). Scientific perspectivism and psychiatric diagnoses: Respecting history and constraining relativism. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 11(8).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13194-020-00320-x"},{"key":"627_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-020-02988-3","volume":"199","author":"S Fellowes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fellowes, S. (2021b). How autism shows that symptoms, like psychiatric diagnoses, are \u2018constructed\u2019: Methodological and epistemic consequences. Synthese, 199, 4499\u20134522","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1086\/714801","volume":"73","author":"S Fellowes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fellowes, S. (2022). The value of categorical polythetic diagnoses in psychiatry. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 73(4), 941-963.","journal-title":"British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62069-0","volume":"4","author":"B Fish","year":"1965","unstructured":"Fish, B., & Shapiro, T. (1965). A typology of children\u2019s psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 4(1), 32\u201352.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"627_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.124.10.1415","volume":"124","author":"B Fish","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fish, B., Shapiro, T., Campbell, M., & Wile, R. (1968). A classification of schizophrenic children under five years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124(10), 1415\u20131423.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0039-0","volume":"36","author":"F Happ\u00e9","year":"2006","unstructured":"Happ\u00e9, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(1), 5\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"627_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9076-8","volume":"18","author":"F Happ\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Happ\u00e9, F., & Ronald, A. (2008). The \u2018fractionable autism triad\u2019: A review of evidence from behavioural, genetic, cognitive and neural research. Neuropsychological Review, 18, 287\u2013304.","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Review"},{"key":"627_CR27","unstructured":"Hassall, R. (2016). Does everybody with an autism diagnosis have the same underlying condition. In K. Runswick-Cole, R. Mallett, & S. Timini (Eds.), Re-thinking autism (pp. 49\u201366). Jessica Kingsley Publishing."},{"issue":"5","key":"627_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1968.tb00603.x","volume":"38","author":"M Havelkova","year":"1968","unstructured":"Havelkova, M. (1968). Follow-up study of 71 children diagnosed as psychotic in preschool age. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 38(5), 846\u2013857.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.09.014","volume":"46","author":"R Hershenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hershenberg, R., & Goldfried, M. R. (2015). Implications of RDoC for research and practice of psychotherapy. Behavior Therapy, 46, 156\u2013165.","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"1430","key":"627_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1209","volume":"358","author":"EL Hill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill, E. L., & Frith, U. (2003). Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 358(1430), 281\u2013289.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X09341438","volume":"21","author":"K Jacobsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacobsen, K. (2010). Diagnostic politics: The curious case of Kanner\u2019s syndrome. History of Psychiatry, 21(4), 436\u2013454.","journal-title":"History of Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1935). Child psychiatry (1st edn.). Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.","DOI":"10.1037\/13306-000"},{"key":"627_CR33","first-page":"217","volume":"2","author":"L Kanner","year":"1943","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbance of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217\u2013250.","journal-title":"Nervous Child"},{"key":"627_CR34","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1948). Child psychiatry (2nd edn.). Charles C. Thomas."},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1949.tb05441.x","volume":"19","author":"L Kanner","year":"1949","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1949). Problems of nosology and psychodynamics of early infantile autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19(3), 416\u2013426.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR36","first-page":"581","volume":"105","author":"L Kanner","year":"1959","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1959). The thirty-third Maudsley lecture: Trends in child-psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 581\u2013593.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830100404","volume":"10","author":"L Kanner","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1965). Infantile autism and the schizophrenias. Behavioural Science, 10(4), 412\u2013420.","journal-title":"Behavioural Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537739","volume":"1","author":"L Kanner","year":"1971","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1971). Childhood psychosis: A historical overview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1(1), 14\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)30693-9","volume":"5","author":"L Kanner","year":"1958","unstructured":"Kanner, L., & Lesser, L I. (1958). Early infantile autism. Pediatric Clinic North America, 5(3), 711\u2013730.","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinic North America"},{"key":"627_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1718-2","volume":"43","author":"DM Kite","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kite, D. M., Gullifer, J., & Tyson, Graham A. (2013). Views on the diagnostic labels of autism and asperger\u2019s disorder and the proposed changes in the DSM. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1692\u20131700.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"627_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5830.816","volume":"3","author":"I Kolvin","year":"1972","unstructured":"Kolvin, I. (1972). Late onset psychosis. British Medical Journal, 3, 816\u2013817.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"627_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17454\/pam-2102","volume":"21","author":"J Krueger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krueger, J. (2021). Finding (and losing) one\u2019s way: Autism, social impairments, and the politics of space. Phenomenology and Mind, 21, 20\u201333.","journal-title":"Phenomenology and Mind"},{"key":"627_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahler, M. (1952). On child psychosis and schizophrenia: Autistic and symbiotic infantile psychosis. In R. Eissler, H. Hartmann, A. Freud, & K. Ernst (Eds.), The psychoanalytical study of the child: Volume VII (pp. 286\u2013306). International Universities.","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.1952.11823164"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62158-0","volume":"4","author":"MS Mahler","year":"1965","unstructured":"Mahler, M. S. (1965). On early infantile psychosis: The symbiotic and autistic syndromes. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 4(4), 554\u2013568.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR68","unstructured":"Vicedo, M. (2021). Intelligent love: The story of Clara Park, her autistic daughter, and the myth of the refrigerator mother. Beacon Press."},{"key":"627_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.011","volume":"216","author":"V Mittal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mittal, V. A., & Wakschlag, L S. (2017). Research domain criteria (RdoC) grows up: Strengthening neurodevelopmental investigation within the RDoC framework. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 30\u201335.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"35","key":"627_CR46","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"G Orellana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orellana, G., & Slachevsky, A. (2013). Executive functioning in schizophrenia. Frontiers of Psychiatry, 4(35), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Frontiers of Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740010078010","volume":"18","author":"E Ornitz","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ornitz, E., & Ritvo, E. (1968). Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. The syndrome of early infant autism and its variants including certain cases of childhood schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 76\u201398.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env058","volume":"21","author":"C Paterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paterson, C. (2016). Empathy and theory of mind in deaf and hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 21(2), 141\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"627_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrolini, V., & Vicente, A. (2022). The challenges raised by comorbidity in psychiatric research: The case of autism. Philosophical Psychology. Advanced online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09515089.2022.2052829","DOI":"10.1080\/09515089.2022.2052829"},{"key":"627_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietikainen, P. (2015). Madness: A history. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315708966"},{"issue":"6","key":"627_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.89.6.1253","volume":"89","author":"H Potter","year":"1933","unstructured":"Potter, H. W. (1933). Schizophrenia in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 89(6), 1253\u20131270.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.02.001","volume":"27","author":"G Rajendran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rajendran, G., & Mitchell, P. (2007). Cognitive theories of autism. Developmental Review, 27(2), 224\u2013260.","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"627_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1949.tb06567.x","volume":"19","author":"B Rank","year":"1949","unstructured":"Rank, B. (1949). Adaptation of the psychoanalytical technique for the treatment of young children with atypical development. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 19(1), 130\u2013139.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"75","key":"627_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/0952695113512491","volume":"27","author":"M Raz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raz, M. (2014). Deprived of touch: How maternal and sensory deprivation theory converged in shaping early debates over autism. History of the Human Sciences, 27(75), 75\u201397.","journal-title":"History of the Human Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"627_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.7.983","volume":"126","author":"E Robins","year":"1970","unstructured":"Robins, E., & Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126(7), 107\u2013111.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1961.tb02153.x","volume":"31","author":"JF Robinson","year":"1961","unstructured":"Robinson, J. F. (1961). The psychosis of early childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 31(3), 536\u2013550.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"627_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537622","volume":"2","author":"M Rutter","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1972). Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 2(4), 315\u2013337.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR58","first-page":"193","volume":"8","author":"M Rutter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(2), 193\u2013161.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"627_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537862","volume":"8","author":"E Schopler","year":"1978","unstructured":"Schopler, E. (1978). On the confusion in the diagnosis of autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8(2), 137\u2013138.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia"},{"key":"627_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, C. (2012). Understanding autism: Parents, doctors, and the history of a disorder. Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150468.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2876","volume":"16","author":"A Singer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singer, A., Lutz, A., Escher, J., & Halladay, A. (2023). A full semantic toolbox is essential for autism research and practice to thrive. Autism Research, 16(3), 497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"627_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61939-7","volume":"4","author":"E Smolen","year":"1965","unstructured":"Smolen, E. M. (1965). Some thoughts on schizophrenia in childhood. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 4(3), 443\u2013472.","journal-title":"Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.035899","volume":"191","author":"M Sprong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J., & Van Engeland, H. (2007). Theory of mind in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 5\u201313.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szurek, S. A. (1956). Childhood schizophrenia symposium 1955: Psychotic episodes and psychotic maldevelopment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26(3), 519\u2013543.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1956.tb06200.x"},{"key":"627_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timini, S., Gardner, N., & McCabe, B. (2011). The myth of autism. Palgrave-McMillian.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-05773-0"},{"issue":"17","key":"627_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"B Verhoeff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verhoeff, B. (2013a). The autism puzzle: Challenging a mechanistic model on conceptual and historical grounds. Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine, 8(17), 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine"},{"key":"627_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X13500584","volume":"24","author":"B Verhoeff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verhoeff, B. (2013b). Autism in flux: A history of the concept from Leo Kanner to DSM-5. History of Psychiatry, 24, 442\u2013458.","journal-title":"History of Psychiatry"},{"key":"627_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3113","volume":"12","author":"P Walsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walsh, P., Elsabbagh, M., Bolton, P., & Singh, I. (2011). In search of biomarkers for autism: Scientific, social and ethical challenges. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 603\u2013612.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"627_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/13869795.2017.1312500","volume":"20\/2","author":"D Weiskopf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiskopf, D. A. (2017). An ideal disorder? Autism as a psychiatric kind. Philosophical Explorations, 20 (2), 175\u2013190.","journal-title":"Philosophical Explorations"},{"key":"627_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachar, P. (2014). A metaphysics of psychopathology. MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262027045.001.0001"}],"container-title":["History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T20:47:57Z","timestamp":1727297277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40656-024-00627-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0391-9714","1742-6316"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0391-9714","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-6316","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"29"}}