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Precision medicine (PM) has been proposed as an alternative to EBM\u2019s \u201caveraging approach\u201d, leveraging genomic and other biological information at the individual level. However, PM is still an emerging and changing concept. It is unclear what constitutes acceptable evidence, when the number of patients with a specific condition approaches one. Despite large investments, PM\u00b4s overall capacity to predict and improve treatment responses remains limited. This raises the question of whether PM has failed, or whether another strategy can improve the situation. Here, we examine the implications of\n                    <jats:italic>functional precision medicine<\/jats:italic>\n                    (FPM), a strategy aiming to bridge the gap between genomic information and phenotypic complexity through functional testing of treatments on patient-derived organoid (PDO), an advanced form of cell culture. We unpack how observed treatment effects in such personalized models are emerging as a means to predict treatment efficacy in individual patients. Drawing on exploratory interviews with scientists at the forefront of clinical implementation, we examine the philosophical implications of FPM in the contexts of cystic fibrosis and cancer. We unpack how the \u201cfunctional approach\u201d addresses biological complexity by black boxing many mechanistic details and focusing on phenotypic responses in PDOs. Moreover, we show that, to work as personalized models, they paradoxically must be validated by developing the same type of population-based evidence they aim to reduce reliance on.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-026-00720-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:44:24Z","timestamp":1772459064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards functional precision medicine? Evidence standards of organoids as patient-specific models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7011-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2206-0250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxence","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"720_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2022.01.008","volume":"21","author":"BL Aalbers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aalbers, B. 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