{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:08:54Z","timestamp":1792588134247,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Sleep Medicine Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T08:03:20Z","timestamp":1575965000000},"page":"201-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Is Idiopathic Hypersomnia a Circadian Rhythm Disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Landzberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn Marie","family":"Trotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"154_CR1","unstructured":"International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Acad. of Sleep Medicine."},{"key":"154_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.007","volume":"29","author":"M Billiard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Billiard M, Sonka K. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;29:23\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.08.007.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"161","key":"154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161ra51","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004685","volume":"4","author":"DB Rye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rye DB, Bliwise DL, Parker K, Trotti LM, Saini P, Fairley J, et al. Modulation of vigilance in the primary hypersomnias by endogenous enhancement of GABAA receptors. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(161):161ra51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004685.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.012","volume":"24","author":"E Sforza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sforza E, Roche F, Barthelemy JC, Pichot V. Diurnal and nocturnal cardiovascular variability and heart rate arousal response in idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med. 2016;24:131\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.07.012.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"154_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boucetta S, Montplaisir J, Zadra A, Lachapelle F, Soucy JP, Gravel P, et al. Altered regional cerebral blood flow in idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep. 2017;40(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx140.","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx140"},{"key":"154_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dauvilliers Y, Evangelista E, de Verbizier D, Barateau L, Peigneux P. [18F]Fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography evidence for cerebral hypermetabolism in the awake state in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Front Neurol. 2017;8:\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00350.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00350"},{"issue":"11","key":"154_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12593","volume":"39","author":"R Silver","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silver R, Kriegsfeld LJ. Circadian rhythms have broad implications for understanding brain and behavior. Eur J Neurosci. 2014;39(11):1866\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12593.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5423","key":"154_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5423.2177","volume":"284","author":"CA Czeisler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, Brown EN, Mitchell JF, Rimmer DW, et al. Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science. 1999;284(5423):2177\u201381.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"4","key":"154_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1051","volume":"35","author":"LK Fonken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonken LK, Nelson RJ. The effects of light at night on circadian clocks and metabolism. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(4):648\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2013-1051.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153128","volume":"35","author":"JA Mohawk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mohawk JA, Green CB, Takahashi JS. Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:445\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153128.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.020","volume":"31","author":"SR Pandi-Perumal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pandi-Perumal SR, Smits M, Spence W, Srinivasan V, Cardinali DP, Lowe AD, et al. Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.06.020.","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"154_CR12","first-page":"31","volume":"119","author":"B Roth","year":"1976","unstructured":"Roth B. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia: review and classification of 642 personally observed cases. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1976;119(1):31\u201341.","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.46.2.393","volume":"46","author":"MS Aldrich","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aldrich MS. The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Neurology. 1996;46(2):393\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.46.2.393.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00987.x","volume":"52","author":"M Billiard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Billiard M, Merle C, Carlander B, Ondze B, Alvarez D, Besset A. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(2):125\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00987.x.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"154_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1423","volume":"120","author":"C Bassetti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Idiopathic hypersomnia. A series of 42 patients. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 8):1423\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/120.8.1423.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"2","key":"154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01357.x","volume":"59","author":"Y Komada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Komada Y, Inoue Y, Mukai J, Shirakawa S, Takahashi K, Honda Y. Difference in the characteristics of subjective and objective sleepiness between narcolepsy and essential hypersomnia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;59(2):194\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01357.x.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"154_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.10.1274","volume":"30","author":"KN Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson KN, Pilsworth S, Sharples LD, Smith IE, Shneerson JM. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a study of 77 cases. Sleep. 2007;30(10):1274\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/30.10.1274.","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"2","key":"154_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.09.016","volume":"16","author":"K Sonka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sonka K, Susta M, Billiard M. Narcolepsy with and without cataplexy, idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a cluster analysis. Sleep Med. 2015;16(2):225\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.09.016.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27658","volume":"5","author":"M Ali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ali M, Auger RR, Slocumb NL, Morgenthaler TI. Idiopathic hypersomnia: clinical features and response to treatment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(6):562\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00824.x","volume":"19","author":"C Vernet","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022 Vernet C, Leu-Semenescu S, Buzare MA, Arnulf I. Subjective symptoms in idiopathic hypersomnia: beyond excessive sleepiness. J Sleep Res. 2010;19(4):525\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00824.xThis controlled cohort study reports subjective symptoms of idiopathic hypersomnia patients including the frequency of sleep drunkenness and chronotype HO scores.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.753","volume":"32","author":"C Vernet","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022 Vernet C, Arnulf I. Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients. Sleep. 2009;32(6):753\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.753This controlled prospective cohort study compares symptoms of IH patients with those of healthy controls including HO scores.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"154_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10889","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10889","volume":"7","author":"JM Lane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lane JM, Vlasac I, Anderson SG, Kyle SD, Dixon WG, Bechtold DA, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel loci for chronotype in 100,420 individuals from the UK biobank. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10889.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006125","volume":"12","author":"SE Jones","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones SE, Tyrrell J, Wood AR, Beaumont RN, Ruth KS, Tuke MA, et al. Genome-wide association analyses in 128,266 individuals identifies new Morningness and sleep duration loci. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(8):e1006125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006125.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10448","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10448","volume":"7","author":"Y Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu Y, Shmygelska A, Tran D, Eriksson N, Tung JY, Hinds DA. GWAS of 89,283 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with self-reporting of being a morning person. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms10448.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"154_CR25","first-page":"97","volume":"4","author":"JA Horne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97\u2013110.","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"key":"154_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00424","volume":"9","author":"L Materna","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Materna L, Halfter H, Heidbreder A, Boentert M, Lippert J, Koch R, et al. Idiopathic hypersomnia patients revealed longer circadian period length in peripheral skin fibroblasts. Front Neurol. 2018;9:424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00424This study investigates the circadian period length in IH patients compared to healthy controls by using peripheral circadian clock cells.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"154_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.08.005","volume":"35","author":"Lynn M. Trotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Trotti LM. Waking up is the hardest thing I do all day: sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;35:76-84. Doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.08.005. This review article reports alleviating and aggravating factors of both sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness.","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"154_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730408318081","volume":"23","author":"FA Scheer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scheer FA, Shea TJ, Hilton MF, Shea SA. An endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep inertia results in greatest cognitive impairment upon awakening during the biological night. J Biol Rhythm. 2008;23(4):353\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748730408318081.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"154_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70183-7","volume":"53","author":"S Nevsimalova","year":"2000","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Nevsimalova S, Blazejova K, Illnerova H, Hajek I, Vankova J, Pretl M, et al. A contribution to pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;53:366\u201370 This controlled cohort study provides evidence of delayed circadian phases in IH patients by examining salivary melatonin and cortisol levels.","journal-title":"Suppl Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"154_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01172.x","volume":"27","author":"R Nowak","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nowak R, McMillen IC, Redman J, Short RV. The correlation between serum and salivary melatonin concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate excretion rates: two non-invasive techniques for monitoring human circadian rhythmicity. Clin Endocrinol. 1987;27(4):445\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"154_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a243","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepj\/zsx050.656","volume":"40","author":"R Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas R, Naik S. The circadian variant of idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep. 2017;40(1):a243.","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"4","key":"154_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810384865","volume":"26","author":"S Janackova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janackova S, Motte J, Bakchine S, Sforza E. Idiopathic hypersomnia: a report of three adolescent-onset cases in a two-generation family. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(4):522\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073810384865.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"154_CR33","first-page":"45","volume":"110","author":"S Nevsimalova-Bruhova","year":"1972","unstructured":"Nevsimalova-Bruhova S, Roth B. Heredofamilial aspects of narcolepsy and hypersomnia. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1972;110(1):45\u201354.","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0168","volume":"5","author":"M Billiard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Billiard M, Dauvilliers Y. Idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2001;5(5):349\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/smrv.2001.0168.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"154_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2010.525382","volume":"42","author":"AHH Schirmacher","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u2022 Schirmacher AHH, Heidbreder A, Happe S, Kelsch R, Kuhlenb\u00e4umer G, Mayer G, et al. Sequence variants in circadian rhythmic genes in a cohort of patients suffering from hypersomnia of central origin. Biol Rhythm Res. 2011;42(5):407\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09291016.2010.525382This candidate-gene associations study examines polymorphisms of circadian rhythmic genes in patients with EDS.","journal-title":"Biol Rhythm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"154_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085255","volume":"9","author":"J Lippert","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Lippert J, Halfter H, Heidbreder A, Rohr D, Gess B, Boentert M, et al. Altered dynamics in the circadian oscillation of clock genes in dermal fibroblasts of patients suffering from idiopathic hypersomnia. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085255This cohort control study provides evidence of impaired gene expression of peripheral circadian clock genes in IH patients.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"154_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217154110","volume":"110","author":"CS Moller-Levet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moller-Levet CS, Archer SN, Bucca G, Laing EE, Slak A, Kabiljo R, et al. Effects of insufficient sleep on circadian rhythmicity and expression amplitude of the human blood transcriptome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(12):E1132\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1217154110.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Current Sleep Medicine Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T01:41:15Z","timestamp":1606182075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40675-019-00154-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-6401"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-6401","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Dr. Trotti reports fees to her institution from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Balance Therapeutics, and Harmony Biosciences, outside this work. There are no financial or other conflicts of interest related to this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights Informed Consent"}}]}}