{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:01:17Z","timestamp":1790683277996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rheumatol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T11:59:18Z","timestamp":1783771158000},"page":"1241-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Duration of Belimumab Therapy and Timing of Initiation as Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Real-World Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Baixu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengqiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359","volume":"365","author":"GC Tsokos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2110\u201321.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.045","volume":"196","author":"O Harry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harry O, Yasin S, Brunner H. Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a review and update. J Pediatr. 2018;196:22-30.e2.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210960","volume":"76","author":"N Groot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Groot N, de Graeff N, Avcin T, et al. European evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: the SHARE initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1788\u201396.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080828","volume":"36","author":"M Thamer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thamer M, Hernan MA, Zhang Y, et al. Prednisone, lupus activity, and permanent organ damage. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(3):560\u20134.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23204","volume":"58","author":"HI Brunner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brunner HI, Gladman DD, Iba\u00f1ez D, Urowitz MD, Silverman ED. Difference in disease features between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(2):556\u201362.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4256","volume":"15","author":"R Mina","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mina R, Brunner HI. Update on differences between childhood-onset and adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(4):218.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207726","volume":"75","author":"K Franklyn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Franklyn K, Lau CS, Navarra SV, et al. Definition and initial validation of a Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS). Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(9):1615\u201321.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110214","volume":"263","author":"EMD Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith EMD, Aggarwal A, Ainsworth J, et al. Defining remission in childhood-onset lupus: PReS-endorsed consensus definitions by an international task force. Clin Immunol. 2024;263:110214.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30037-2","volume":"1","author":"V Golder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golder V, Kandane-Rathnayake R, Huq M, et al. Lupus low disease activity state as a treatment endpoint for systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective validation study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2019;1(2):e95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e822","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00304-6","volume":"4","author":"R Kandane-Rathnayake","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandane-Rathnayake R, Golder V, Louthrenoo W, et al. Lupus low disease activity state and remission and risk of mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective, multinational, longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022;4(12):e822\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"871_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11299","volume":"48","author":"KP Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker KP, Edwards BM, Main SH, et al. Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(11):3253\u201365.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"871_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12810","volume":"292","author":"SW Jackson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE\u2014Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev. 2019;292(1):102\u201319.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224762","volume":"83","author":"A Fanouriakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Andersen J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(1):15\u201329.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217101","volume":"79","author":"HI Brunner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brunner HI, Abud-Mendoza C, Viola DO, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous belimumab in children with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(10):1340\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067721","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1067721","volume":"13","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Shan C, Liu J, et al. Efficacy and safety of belimumab for the treatment of refractory childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-center, real-world, retrospective study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1067721.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"871_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead406","volume":"63","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Liang X, Cao Z, et al. Evaluation of belimumab in treatment of Chinese childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective analysis from a multicentre study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(5):1437\u201346.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"871_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead629","volume":"64","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Qi F, Bai J, et al. Real-world efficacy of belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective cohort from a single center in China. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(1):108\u201316.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"12","key":"871_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001180","volume":"383","author":"R Furie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, et al. Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(12):1117\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"871_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-022-00454-9","volume":"9","author":"SP Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang SP, Snedecor SJ, et al. Real-world effectiveness of belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic literature review. Rheumatol Ther. 2022;9(4):975\u201391.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"871_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819","volume":"78","author":"M Aringer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(9):1151\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"871_CR21","first-page":"288","volume":"29","author":"DD Gladman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gladman DD, Iba\u00f1ez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(2):288\u201391.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"871_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40049","volume":"69","author":"W Stohl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stohl W, Schwarting A, Okada M, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: a fifty-two-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(5):1016\u201327.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"871_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez279","volume":"59","author":"RF van Vollenhoven","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Vollenhoven RF, Navarra SV, Levy RA, et al. Long-term safety and limited organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with belimumab: a phase\u00a0III study extension. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(2):281\u201391.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"871_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0133-2","volume":"15","author":"M Gatto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gatto M, Zen M, Iaccarino L, Doria A. New therapeutic strategies in systemic lupus erythematosus management. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2019;15(1):30\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"871_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1362","volume":"12","author":"C Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu C, He N, Dou L, et al. Belimumab in early systemic lupus erythematosus: a propensity score matching analysis. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2024;12(9):e1362.","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"871_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2023-001024","volume":"10","author":"K Worley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Worley K, Milligan S, Rubin B. Steroid-sparing effect of belimumab: results from a retrospective observational study of real-world data. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10(2):e001024.","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:28:59Z","timestamp":1790681339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40744-026-00871-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2198-6576","2198-6584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2198-6576","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-6584","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Baixu Sun,\u00a0Shipeng Li,\u00a0Fengqiao Gao,\u00a0Shuo Liu,\u00a0Wei Zhao,\u00a0Junmei Zhang,\u00a0Xiaohua Tan,\u00a0Chao Li, and Caifeng Li have nothing to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosures","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol (No. 2024-Y-043-D), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians. The study adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}