{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:46:27Z","timestamp":1791960387267,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drugs - Real World Outcomes"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:36:48Z","timestamp":1791826608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-World Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Italy: Treatment Patterns, Adherence, and Costs in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Mesalazine"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Degli Esposti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Veronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Calabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Giannessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Bartolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Dell\u2019Orco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Grego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cataldo","family":"Procacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Bezzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Armuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1103713","volume":"10","author":"SM Borowitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Borowitz SM. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: clues to pathogenesis? Front Pediatr. 2023;10:1103713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.1103713.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91","volume":"20","author":"YZ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang YZ. Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(1):91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.91.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.5.1044","volume":"25","author":"A Tragnone","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tragnone A, Corrao G, Miglio F, Caprilli R, Lanfranchi GA. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Italy: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(5):1044\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/25.5.1044.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1S","key":"591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002107","volume":"33","author":"E Crocetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crocetti E, Bergamaschi W, Russo AG. Population-based incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases in Milan (northern Italy), and estimates for Italy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(1S):e383\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002107.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020641","volume":"12","author":"GP Caviglia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caviglia GP, Garrone A, Bertolino C, Vanni R, Bretto E, Poshnjari A, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: a population study in a healthcare district of north-west Italy. J Clin Med. 2023;12(2):641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020641.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i10.1718","volume":"12","author":"A Me\u0161trovi\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Me\u0161trovi\u0107 A, Kumric M, Bozic J. Discontinuation of therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: current views. World J Clin Cases. 2024;12(10):1718\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i10.1718.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.765474","volume":"8","author":"Z Cai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai Z, Wang S, Li J. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review. Front Med. 2021;8:765474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.765474.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008414.pub3","author":"T Gjuladin-Hellon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gjuladin-Hellon T, Gordon M, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Akobeng AK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008414.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2020.0521","author":"A Hart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hart A. The use of 5-aminosalicylates in Crohn\u2019s disease: a retrospective study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Ann Gastroenterol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20524\/aog.2020.0521.","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.04.012","volume":"56","author":"F D\u2019Amico","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico F, Lusetti F, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. MMX mesalamine in ulcerative colitis: major advantages towards classical mesalamine formulations. Dig Liver Dis. 2024;56(9):1425\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2024.04.012.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1968813","volume":"37","author":"K Paridaens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paridaens K, Fullarton JR, Travis SPL. Efficacy and safety of oral Pentasa (prolonged-release mesalazine) in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;37(11):1891\u2013900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03007995.2021.1968813.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"5","key":"591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.10.043","volume":"10","author":"AC Ford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ford AC, Khan KJ, Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of topical 5-aminosalicylates in preventing relapse of quiescent ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(5):513\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.10.043.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12435","volume":"11","author":"W Kruis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kruis W, Meszaros S, Wehrum S, Mueller R, Greinwald R, Nacak T. Mesalazine granules promote disease clearance in patients with mild\u2010to\u2010moderate ulcerative colitis. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2023;11(8):775\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ueg2.12435.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.12.2","volume":"5","author":"M Ham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ham M, Moss AC. Mesalamine in the treatment and maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2012;5(2):113\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/ecp.12.2.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1731760","volume":"55","author":"JWY Mak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mak JWY, So J, Tang W, Yip TCF, Leung WK, Li M, et al. Cancer risk and chemoprevention in Chinese inflammatory bowel disease patients: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(3):279\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365521.2020.1731760.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6091","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29090479","volume":"29","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W, Zhao T, Wu D, Li J, Wang M, Sun Y, et al. Colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: mechanisms, surveillance and chemoprevention. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(9):6091\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol29090479.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14023","volume":"45","author":"S Bonovas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonovas S, Fiorino G, Lytras T, Nikolopoulos G, Peyrin\u2010Biroulet L, Danese S. Systematic review with meta\u2010analysis: use of 5\u2010aminosalicylates and risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(9):1179\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.14023.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.06.008","volume":"52","author":"A Armuzzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armuzzi A, Bouhnik Y, Cummings F, Bettey M, Pieper B, Kang T. Enhancing treatment success in inflammatory bowel disease: optimising the use of anti-TNF agents and utilising their biosimilars in clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52(11):1259\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2020.06.008.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.08.005","volume":"8","author":"K Hacker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hacker K. The burden of chronic disease. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2024;8(1):112\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2023.08.005.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz096","volume":"14","author":"B Lo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lo B, Vind I, Vester-Andersen MK, Bendtsen F, Burisch J. Direct and indirect costs of inflammatory bowel disease: ten years of follow-up in a Danish population-based inception cohort. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14(1):53\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz096.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"10317","key":"591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01733-5","volume":"398","author":"W Ricciardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ricciardi W, Tarricone R. The evolution of the Italian National Health Service. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2193\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01733-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122561","volume":"10","author":"L Degli Esposti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Degli Esposti L, Dovizio M, Leogrande M, Perrone V, De Ponti R. Evaluation of the impact of catheter ablation procedure on outcomes and economic burden in patients with atrial fibrillation: real-world data from Italian administrative databases. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(12):2561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10122561.","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S383738","volume":"15","author":"Y Ingrasciotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ingrasciotta Y, Isgr\u00f2 V, Foti SS, Ientile V, Fontana A, L\u2019Abbate L, et al. Testing of coding algorithms for inflammatory bowel disease identification, as indication for use of biological drugs, using a claims database from southern Italy. Clin Epidemiol. 2023;15:309\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S383738.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.04.010","volume":"55","author":"L Degli Esposti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Degli Esposti L, Daperno M, Dovizio M, Franchi A, Sangiorgi D, Savarino EV, et al. A retrospective analysis of treatment patterns, drug discontinuation and healthcare costs in Crohn\u2019s disease patients treated with biologics. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55(9):1214\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2023.04.010.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-23","volume":"13","author":"J Lachaine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lachaine J, Yen L, Beauchemin C, Hodgkins P. Medication adherence and persistence in the treatment of Canadian ulcerative colitis patients: analyses with the RAMQ database. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-230X-13-23.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70048","volume":"33","author":"QL Her","year":"2024","unstructured":"Her QL, Rouette J, Young JC, Webster\u2010Clark M, Tazare J. Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: new-user designs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2024;33(12):e70048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.70048.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"591_CR27","unstructured":"Glasheen WP, Cordier T, Gumpina R, Haugh G, Davis J, Renda A. Charlson Comorbidity Index: ICD-9 update and ICD-10 translation. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2019;12(4):188\u201397. PubMed PMID: 31428236; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6684052."},{"key":"591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S218697","volume":"11","author":"J Pylv\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pylv\u00e4l\u00e4inen J, Talala K, Murtola T, Taari K, Raitanen J, Tammela TL, et al. Charlson comorbidity index based on hospital episode statistics performs adequately in predicting mortality, but its discriminative ability diminishes over time. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:923\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S218697.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soos B, Williamson T, McBrien K, Wiebe S, Tonelli M, Southern D, et al. Considerations for selecting and implementing comorbidity indices when using secondary data sources: a guide for health researchers. Int J Popul Data Sci. 2 Sep 2025;10(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23889\/ijpds.v10i3.2973","DOI":"10.23889\/ijpds.v10i3.2973"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2020-000573","volume":"8","author":"PM Irving","year":"2021","unstructured":"Irving PM, De Lusignan S, Tang D, Nijher M, Barrett K. Risk of common infections in people with inflammatory bowel disease in primary care: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2021;8(1):e000573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2020-000573.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12359","volume":"11","author":"J Burisch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burisch J. Is hypertension an extra\u2010intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease? United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2023;11(1):7\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ueg2.12359.","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"13","key":"591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3507","volume":"20","author":"G Maconi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maconi G. Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in ulcerative colitis: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(13):3507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i13.3507.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182a025ee","volume":"57","author":"EF De Zoeten","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Zoeten EF, Pasternak BA, Mattei P, Kramer RE, Kader HA. Diagnosis and treatment of perianal Crohn disease: NASPGHAN clinical report and consensus statement. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(3):401\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182a025ee.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000891","volume":"29","author":"C B\u00e4hler","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00e4hler C, Schoepfer AM, Vavricka SR, Br\u00fcngger B, Reich O. Chronic comorbidities associated with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and impact on healthcare costs in Switzerland. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29(8):916\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000891.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.12.011","volume":"34","author":"L Degli Esposti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Degli Esposti L, Saragoni S, Batacchi P, Benemei S, Geppetti P, Sturani A, et al. Adherence to statin treatment and health outcomes in an Italian cohort of newly treated patients: results from an administrative database analysis. Clin Ther. 2012;34(1):190\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.12.011.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S333534","volume":"Volume 13","author":"M Asamoah-Boaheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asamoah-Boaheng M, Osei Bonsu K, Farrell J, Oyet A, Midodzi WK. Measuring medication adherence in a population-based asthma administrative pharmacy database: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol. 2021;Volume 13:981\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CLEP.S333534.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab029","volume":"15","author":"M Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao M, G\u00f6nczi L, Lakatos PL, Burisch J. The burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe in 2020. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(9):1573\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab029.","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1004","volume":"5","author":"PM Irving","year":"2008","unstructured":"Irving PM, Gibson PR. Infections and IBD. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5(1):18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpgasthep1004.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"591_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vadstrup K, Alulis S, Borsi A, J\u00f8rgensen TR, Nielsen A, Munkholm P, et al. Extraintestinal manifestations and other comorbidities in ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease: a Danish nationwide registry study 2003\u20132016. Crohns Colitis 360. 1 Jul 2020;2(3):otaa070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/crocol\/otaa070","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaa070"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15076","volume":"49","author":"S Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park S, Kim TJ, Lee JY, Kim ER, Hong SN, Chang DK, et al. Comorbid immune\u2010mediated diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a nation\u2010wide population\u2010based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(2):165\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15076.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kane S. Optimizing use of 5-ASA in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: Focus on patient compliance and adherence. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. Jun 2010;57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PROM.S8382","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S8382"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0073","volume":"86","author":"J Serup","year":"2006","unstructured":"Serup J, Lindblad ?K, Maroti M, Kjellgren K, Niklasson E, Ring L, et al. To follow or not to follow dermatological treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86(3):193\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/00015555-0073.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"7","key":"591_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.04.032","volume":"57","author":"A Dal Buono","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dal Buono A, Armuzzi A, Caprioli F, Castiglione F, Danese S, Gionchetti P, et al. Therapeutic adherence in inflammatory bowel disease: user guide from a multidisciplinary modified Delphi consensus. Dig Liver Dis. 2025;57(7):1403\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2025.04.032.","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12013","volume":"36","author":"N Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan N, Abbas AM, Bazzano LA, Koleva YN, Krousel\u2010Wood M. Long\u2010term oral mesalazine adherence and the risk of disease flare in ulcerative colitis: nationwide 10\u2010year retrospective cohort from the veterans affairs healthcare system. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(8):755\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.12013.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"47","key":"591_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i47.6743","volume":"28","author":"D Balderramo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Balderramo D. Role of the combination of biologics and\/or small molecules in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(47):6743\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v28.i47.6743.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otac002","volume":"4","author":"QA Alayo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alayo QA, Fenster M, Altayar O, Glassner KL, Llano E, Clark-Snustad K, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: safety and effectiveness of combining biologics and small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns Colitis 360. 2022;4(1):otac002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/crocol\/otac002.","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"591_CR47","unstructured":"Solitano V, Ma C, Han\u017eel J, Panaccione R, Feagan BG, Jairath V. Advanced combination treatment with biologic agents and novel small molecule drugs for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. May 2023;19(5):251\u201363. PubMed PMID: 37799456; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC10548249."},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.049","volume":"23","author":"J Burisch","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burisch J, Claytor J, Hernandez I, Hou JK, Kaplan GG. The cost of inflammatory bowel disease care: how to make it sustainable. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23(3):386\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.049.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz265PubMedPMID:31693731;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC7441097","volume":"26","author":"K Vadstrup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vadstrup K, Alulis S, Borsi A, Gustafsson N, Nielsen A, Wennerstr\u00f6m ECM, et al. Cost burden of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis in the 10-year period before diagnosis\u2014a Danish register-based study from 2003\u20132015. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(9):1377\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ibd\/izz265PubMedPMID:31693731;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC7441097.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"}],"container-title":["Drugs - Real World Outcomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:02:55Z","timestamp":1791957775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40801-026-00591-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-1154","2198-9788"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-1154","type":"print"},{"value":"2198-9788","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Cristina Bezzio received consulting and\/or advisory board fees from AbbVie, Alfa Sigma, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Giuliani, Janssen, Lionhealth, MSD, Pfizer and Takeda. Alessandro Armuzzi received consulting\/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Alfa Sigma, Astra Zeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Enthera, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Giuliani, Janssen, Lionhealth, Merck, Nestl\u00e9, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Sandoz, Takeda, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Tillots Pharma, and speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Abivax, AG Pharma, Alfa Sigma, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Lionhealth, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. The authors L.D.E., C.V., S.C., and L.G. are employees of CliCon S.r.l. Societ\u00e0 Benefit. This work is based on a report commissioned and funded by Ferring S.p.A. and on analyses conducted within or derived from the STREAM study, an autonomous research project promoted by CliCon S.r.l. Societ\u00e0 Benefit. The authors retained full and independent control over the study design, conduct, analyses, interpretation of the results, and decision to publish or otherwise disseminate this work. L.D.E. is the Sole Director of CliCon S.r.l. Societ\u00e0 Benefit and has had, over the past 2 years, financial relationships with several pharmaceutical companies. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The dataset used consists solely of anonymized data. All the results of the analyses were produced and presented as aggregated summaries. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the ethics committees of the participating healthcare entities, as follows: the Ethics Committee \u201cBAT (Barletta-Andria-Trani) Comitato etico interprovinciale Area I\u201d (protocol number 68\/CE\/20, approval date 3\/12\/2020; the Ethics Committee \u201cGenova Comitato Etico Regionale Liguria\u201d (protocol number 52\/2021, approval date 14\/06\/2021); the Ethics Committee \u201cFrosinone Comitato Etico Lazio 2\u201d (protocol number 0179046\/2020, approval date 28\/10\/2020); the Ethics Committee \u201cUmbria 2 Comitato Etico Regionale Umbria\u201d (protocol number 19414\/20\/ON, approval date 16\/09\/2020); the Ethics Committee \u201cVercelli Comitato Etico Interaziendale A.O. SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo\u2014Alessandria\u201d (protocol number 0008668, approval date 20\/04\/2021); and the Ethics Committee \u201cRoma 6 Comitato Etico Lazio 2\u201d (protocol number 0216084\/2020, approval date 16\/12\/2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This analysis was carried out exclusively on anonymized data (as defined in accordance with applicable regulations) and all results are reported in aggregate form; no personal data were processed by CliCon and no individual is identifiable, either directly or indirectly. Accordingly, the informed consent of data subjects was not required for this analysis. The competent ethics committees of the participating healthcare entities confirmed that informed consent was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}