{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:36:49Z","timestamp":1792697809597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004921","name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nano-Micro Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Novel small sulfur heterocyclic quinones (6a,16a-dihydrobenzo[b]naphtho[2\u2032,3\u2032:5,6][1,4]dithiino[2,3-i]thianthrene-5,7,9,14,16,18-hexaone (4S6Q) and benzo[b]naphtho[2\u2032,3\u2032:5,6][1,4]dithiino[2,3-i]thianthrene-5,9,14,18-tetraone (4S4Q)) are developed by molecule structural design method and as cathode for aqueous zinc-organic batteries. The conjugated thioether (\u2013S\u2013) bonds as connected units not only improve the conductivity of compounds but also inhibit their dissolution by both extended \u03c0-conjugated plane and constructed flexible molecular skeleton. Hence, the Zn\/\/4S6Q and Zn\/\/4S4Q batteries exhibit satisfactory electrochemical performance based on 3.5\u00a0mol\u00a0L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (M) Zn(ClO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    electrolyte. For instance, the Zn\/\/4S6Q battery obtains 240 and 208.6\u00a0mAh\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    of discharge capacity at 150\u00a0mA\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 30\u00a0A\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. The excellent rate capability is ascribed to the fast reaction kinetics. This system displays a superlong life of 20,000 cycles with no capacity fading at 3\u00a0A\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Additionally, the H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -storage mechanism of the 4S6Q compound is demonstrated by ex situ analyses and density functional theory calculations. Impressively, the battery can normally work at\u2009\u2212\u200960\u00a0\u00b0C benefiting from the anti-freezing electrolyte and maintain a high discharge capacity of 201.7\u00a0mAh\u00a0g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which is 86.2% of discharge capacity at 25\u00a0\u00b0C. The cutting-edge electrochemical performances of these novel compounds make them alternative electrode materials for Zn-organic batteries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T06:49:34Z","timestamp":1673592574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Molecular Engineering Design for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Organic Battery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tianjiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingshun","family":"Nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanliang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206812","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Wei, J. Hong, H. Liang et al., MXene-boosted imine cathodes with extended conjugated structure for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202206812","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.12.086","volume":"57","author":"J Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Zhao, J. Zhang, W. Yang, B. Chen, Z. Zhao et al., \u201cWater-in-deep eutectic solvent\u201d electrolytes enable zinc metal anodes for rechargeable aqueous batteries. Nano Energy 57, 625 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.12.086","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"1009_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ee00596j","volume":"12","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Z. Zhao, J. Zhao, Z. Hu, J. Li, J. Li et al., Long-life and deeply rechargeable aqueous Zn anodes enabled by a multifunctional brightener-inspired interphase. Energy Environ. Mater. 12, 1938 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9ee00596j","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00960-z","volume":"14","author":"Y Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Song, P. Ruan, C. Mao, Y. Chang, L. Wang et al., Metal\u2013organic frameworks functionalized separators for robust aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 218 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-022-00960-z","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-022-00907-4","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Chen, D. Ma, K. Ouyang, M. Yang, S. Shen et al., A multifunctional anti-proton electrolyte for high-rate and super-stable aqueous Zn-vanadium oxide battery. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 154 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-022-00907-4","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2022.04.003","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Wang, Y. Meng, K. Li, T. Ahmad, N. Chen et al., Toward dendrite-free and anti-corrosion Zn anodes by regulating a bismuth-based energizer. eScience. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esci.2022.04.003","journal-title":"eScience."},{"key":"1009_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201840","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Li, N. Luo, L. Kang, F. Zhao, Y. Jiao et al., Hydrogen-bond reinforced superstructural manganese oxide as the cathode for ultra-stable aqueous zinc ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202201840","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202671","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202202671","volume":"12","author":"K Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Yang, Y. Hu, T. Zhang, B. Wang, J. Qin et al., Triple-functional polyoxovanadate cluster in regulating cathode, anode, and electrolyte for tough aqueous zinc\u2013ion battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2202671 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202202671","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902446","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201902446","volume":"9","author":"L Ma","year":"2019","unstructured":"L. Ma, S. Chen, C. Long, X. Li, Y. Zhao et al., Achieving high-voltage and high-capacity aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery by incorporating two-species redox reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1902446 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.201902446","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139324","volume":"452","author":"T Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"T. Sun, W. Zhang, Q. Nian, Z. Tao, Proton-insertion dominated polymer cathode for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion battery. Chem. Eng. J. 452, 139324 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139324","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1009_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2106469","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106469","volume":"33","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Zhao, Y. Huang, F. Wu, R. Chen, L. Li, High-performance aqueous zinc batteries based on organic\/organic cathodes integrating multiredox centers. Adv. Mater. 33, e2106469 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202106469","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esci.2021.12.002","author":"L Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Yan, Y.-e Qi, X. Dong, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Ammonium-ion batteries with a wide operating temperature window from \u221240 to 80\u00a0\u00b0C. eScience. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.esci.2021.12.002","journal-title":"eScience."},{"key":"1009_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-021-3777-1","volume":"15","author":"Y Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Ma, T. Sun, Q. Nian, S. Zheng, T. Ma et al., Alloxazine as anode material for high-performance aqueous ammonium-ion battery. Nano Res. 15, 2047 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12274-021-3777-1","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"1009_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202117511","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202117511","volume":"61","author":"S Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Zheng, D. Shi, D. Yan, Q. Wang, T. Sun et al., Orthoquinone\u2013based covalent organic frameworks with ordered channel structures for ultrahigh performance aqueous zinc\u2013organic batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202117511 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202117511","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/41\/9\/091704","author":"S Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Xu, M. Sun, Q. Wang, C. Wang, Recent progress in organic electrodes for zinc-ion batteries. J. Semicond. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1674-4926\/41\/9\/091704","journal-title":"J. Semicond."},{"key":"1009_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1761","volume":"4","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Q. Zhao, W. Huang, Z. Luo, L. Liu, Y. Lu et al., High-capacity aqueous zinc batteries using sustainable quinone electrodes. Sci. Adv. 4, 1761 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aao1761","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1009_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202211107","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202211107","volume":"61","author":"L Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Yan, Q. Zhu, Y. Qi, J. Xu, Y. Peng et al., Towards high-performance aqueous zinc batteries via a semi-conductive bipolar-type polymer cathode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202211107 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202211107","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11737","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201807121","volume":"57","author":"Z Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Z. Guo, Y. Ma, X. Dong, J. Huang, Y. Wang et al., An environmentally friendly and flexible aqueous zinc battery using an organic cathode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 11737 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.201807121","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/am.2016.82","volume":"8","author":"B H\u00e4upler","year":"2016","unstructured":"B. H\u00e4upler, C. R\u00f6ssel, A.M. Schwenke, J. Winsberg, D. Schmidt et al., Aqueous zinc-organic polymer battery with a high rate performance and long lifetime. NPG Asia Mater. 8, 283 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/am.2016.82","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100939","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202100939","volume":"11","author":"N Patil","year":"2021","unstructured":"N. Patil, C. Cruz, D. Ciurduc, A. Mavrandonakis, J. Palma et al., An ultrahigh performance zinc-organic battery using poly(catechol) cathode in Zn(TfSi)2-based concentrated aqueous electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2100939 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202100939","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100902","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202100902","volume":"17","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Zhang, D. Xu, L. Wang, Z. Ye, B. Chen et al., A polymer\/graphene composite cathode with active carbonyls and secondary amine moieties for high-performance aqueous Zn-organic batteries involving dual-ion mechanism. Small 17, e2100902 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202100902","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"1009_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108225","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202108225","volume":"32","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"X. Wang, J. Xiao, W. Tang, Hydroquinone versus pyrocatechol pendants twisted conjugated polymer cathodes for high-performance and robust aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2108225 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.202108225","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b00336","volume":"137","author":"C Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"C. Wang, Y. Xu, Y. Fang, M. Zhou, L. Liang et al., Extended \u03c0-conjugated system for fast-charge and -discharge sodium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 3124 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.5b00336","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1009_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.08.027","volume":"33","author":"J Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Xie, F. Yu, J. Zhao, W. Guo, H.-L. Zhang et al., An irreversible electrolyte anion-doping strategy toward a superior aqueous Zn-organic battery. Energy Storage Mater. 33, 283 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensm.2020.08.027","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207115","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Li, J. Shang, M. Li, M. Xu, F. Zeng et al., Design and synthesis of a \u03c0-conjugated n-heteroaromatic material for aqueous zinc\u2013organic batteries with ultrahigh rate and extremely long life. Adv. Mater. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202207115","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10301","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c01485","volume":"144","author":"Z Tie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Tie, Y. Zhang, J. Zhu, S. Bi, Z. Niu, An air-rechargeable Zn\/organic battery with proton storage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 10301 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.2c01485","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1009_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.0c02526","volume":"4","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Zhang, S. Xie, Z. Cao, D. Xu, L. Wang et al., Extended \u03c0-conjugated system in organic cathode with active C=N bonds for driving aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4, 655 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaem.0c02526","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916529","volume":"59","author":"Z Tie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Tie, L. Liu, S. Deng, D. Zhao, Z. Niu, Proton insertion chemistry of a zinc\u2013organic battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 4920 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.201916529","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202116289","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Chen, J. Li, Q. Zhu, K. Fan, Y. Cao et al., Two-dimensional organic supramolecule via hydrogen bonding and \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking for ultrahigh capacity and long-life aqueous zinc\u2013organic batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202116289","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR30","unstructured":"M.J. Frisch, G.W. Trucks, H.B. Schlegel, G.E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb et al., Gaussian 16 Rev. C.01, (Wallingford, CT, 2016)"},{"key":"1009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885","volume":"33","author":"T Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"T. Lu, F. Chen, Multiwfn: A multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J. Comput. Chem. 33, 580 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcc.22885","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"1009_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228758","volume":"478","author":"T Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Sun, Q. Nian, S. Zheng, X. Yuan, Z. Tao, Water cointercalation for high-energy-density aqueous zinc-ion battery based potassium manganite cathode. J. Power Sources 478, 228758 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.228758","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"1009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6428","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201601119","volume":"55","author":"T Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"T. Ma, Q. Zhao, J. Wang, Z. Pan, J. Chen, A sulfur heterocyclic quinone cathode and a multifunctional binder for a high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 6428 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.201601119","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12076","volume":"3","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Wang, Weak intermolecular interactions for strengthening organic batteries. Energy Environ. Mater. 3, 441 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eem2.12076","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2000338","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000338","volume":"32","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Wang, C. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Gu, B. Wang et al., Binding zinc ions by carboxyl groups from adjacent molecules toward long-life aqueous zinc\u2013organic batteries. Adv. Mater. 32, e2000338 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202000338","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002780","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202002780","volume":"10","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Hu, Y. Gao, L. Fan, Y. Zhang, B. Wang et al., Electrochemical study of poly(2,6-anthraquinonyl sulfide) as cathode for alkali-metal-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2002780 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202002780","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2022.05.013","volume":"50","author":"T Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"T. Shi, G. Li, Y. Han, Y. Gao, F. Wang et al., Oxidized indanthrone as a cost-effective and high-performance organic cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 50, 265 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensm.2022.05.013","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ta11648c","volume":"9","author":"S Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"S. Zheng, L. Miao, T. Sun, L. Li, T. Ma et al., An extended carbonyl-rich conjugated polymer cathode for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 9, 2700 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d0ta11648c","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1009_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6335","volume":"5","author":"J Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. Hong, M. Lee, B. Lee, D.H. Seo, C.B. Park et al., Biologically inspired pteridine redox centres for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Commun. 5, 5335 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms6335","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1009_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-019-2541-z","volume":"139","author":"T Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Lu, Q. Chen, A simple method of identifying \u03c0 orbitals for non-planar systems and a protocol of studying \u03c0 electronic structure. Theor. Chem. Acc. 139, 25 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00214-019-2541-z","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"1009_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202115180","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202115180","volume":"61","author":"Z Tie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z. Tie, S. Deng, H. Cao, M. Yao, Z. Niu, J. Chen, A symmetric all-organic proton battery in mild electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202115180 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202115180","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1009_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030091t","volume":"105","author":"LSW Alexander","year":"2005","unstructured":"L.S.W. Alexander, I. Boldyrev, All-metal aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Chem. Rev. 105, 3716 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr030091t","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"1009_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01339530","volume":"70","author":"E H\u00fcckel","year":"1931","unstructured":"E. H\u00fcckel, Quantentheoretische beitr\u00e4ge zum benzolproblem. Z. Phys. 70, 204 (1931). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01339530","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"1009_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15984","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15984","volume":"8","author":"S Fujii","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Fujii, S. Marques-Gonzalez, J.Y. Shin, H. Shinokubo, T. Masuda et al., Highly-conducting molecular circuits based on antiaromaticity. Nat. Commun. 8, 15984 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15984","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1009_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)94175-9","volume":"36","author":"J Kruszewski","year":"1972","unstructured":"J. Kruszewski, M.T. Krygowski, Definition of aromaticity basing on the harmonic oscillator model. Tetrahedron Lett. 36, 3839 (1972). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)94175-9","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"1009_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100367","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100367","volume":"5","author":"T Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"T. Sun, H. Du, S. Zheng, J. Shi, X. Yuan et al., Bipolar organic polymer for high performance symmetric aqueous proton battery. Small Methods 5, e2100367 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smtd.202100367","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"1009_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1039\/b311768e","volume":"6","author":"Y Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Y. Chen, Y.-H. Zhang, L.-J. Zhao, ATR-FTIR spectroscopic studies on aqueous LiClO4, NaClO4, and Mg(ClO4)2 solutions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 5378 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b311768e","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"1009_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6990","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c02357","volume":"32","author":"M Na","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Na, Y. Oh, H.R. Byon, Effects of Zn2+ and H+ association with naphthalene diimide electrodes for aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 32, 6990 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.chemmater.0c02357","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"1009_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2000597","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000597","volume":"16","author":"T Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Sun, Q. Nian, S. Zheng, J. Shi, Z. Tao, Layered Ca0.28MnO2\u00b70.5H2O as a high performance cathode for aqueous zinc-ion battery. Small 16, e2000597 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.202000597","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["Nano-Micro Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T12:23:26Z","timestamp":1699878206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-022-01009-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-6706","2150-5551"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-6706","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-5551","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"36"}}