{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:17:45Z","timestamp":1792552665815,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nano-Micro Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Electrochemical co-reduction of nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) has been widely regarded as a promising route to produce urea under ambient conditions, however the yield rate of urea has remained limited. Here, we report an atomically ordered intermetallic pallium-zinc (PdZn) electrocatalyst comprising a high density of PdZn pairs for boosting urea electrosynthesis. It is found that Pd and Zn are responsible for the adsorption and activation of NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively, and thus the co-adsorption and co-activation NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    are achieved in ordered PdZn pairs. More importantly, the ordered and well-defined PdZn pairs provide a dual-site geometric structure conducive to the key C\u2013N coupling with a low kinetical barrier, as demonstrated on both operando measurements and theoretical calculations. Consequently, the PdZn electrocatalyst displays excellent performance for the co-reduction to generate urea with a maximum urea Faradaic efficiency of 62.78% and a urea yield rate of 1274.42\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0mg\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0h\n                    <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and the latter is 1.5-fold larger than disordered pairs in PdZn alloys. This work paves new pathways to boost urea electrosynthesis via constructing ordered dual-metal pairs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T05:01:53Z","timestamp":1721019713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Boosting Electrochemical Urea Synthesis via Constructing Ordered Pd\u2013Zn Active Pair"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Weiliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaoyuan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinbao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianchi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengpan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-020-0481-9","volume":"12","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Chen, X. Zhu, X. Wen, Y. Zhou, L. Zhou et al., Coupling N2 and CO2 in H2O to synthesize urea under ambient conditions. Nat. Chem. 12, 717\u2013724 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41557-020-0481-9","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"1462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-022-00379-5","volume":"6","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Li, Y. Zhang, K. Kuruvinashetti, N. Kornienko, Construction of C\u2013N bonds from small-molecule precursors through heterogeneous electrocatalysis. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6, 303\u2013319 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41570-022-00379-5","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"1462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1039\/d2cs00381c","volume":"52","author":"X Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"X. Peng, L. Zeng, D. Wang, Z. Liu, Y. Li et al., Electrochemical C\u2013N coupling of CO2 and nitrogenous small molecules for the electrosynthesis of organonitrogen compounds. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52, 2193\u20132237 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d2cs00381c","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"1462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.10.010","volume":"5","author":"AJ Mart\u00edn","year":"2019","unstructured":"A.J. Mart\u00edn, T. Shinagawa, J. P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez, Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogen: from Haber-Bosch to ammonia artificial leaf. Chem 5, 263\u2013283 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chempr.2018.10.010","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"1462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40273-2","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Zhao, Y. Ding, W. Li, C. Liu, Y. Li et al., Efficient urea electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide and nitrate via alternating Cu-W bimetallic C\u2013N coupling sites. Nat. Commun. 14, 4491 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-40273-2","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00824","volume":"8","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Wang, S. Xia, J. Zhang, Z. Li, R. Cai et al., Spatial management of CO diffusion on tandem electrode promotes NH2 intermediate formation for efficient urea electrosynthesis. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 3373\u20133380 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c00824","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00741-3","volume":"4","author":"C Lv","year":"2021","unstructured":"C. Lv, L. Zhong, H. Liu, Z. Fang, C. Yan et al., Selective electrocatalytic synthesis of urea with nitrate and carbon dioxide. Nat. Sustain. 4, 868\u2013876 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-021-00741-3","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"1462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ee03918k","volume":"15","author":"M Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Yuan, J. Chen, H. Zhang, Q. Li, L. Zhou et al., Host\u2013guest molecular interaction promoted urea electrosynthesis over a precisely designed conductive metal\u2013organic framework. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 2084\u20132095 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d1ee03918k","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-022-1419-y","volume":"66","author":"D Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Wang, C. Chen, S. Wang, Defect engineering for advanced electrocatalytic conversion of nitrogen-containing molecules. Sci. China Chem. 66, 1052\u20131072 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11426-022-1419-y","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"1462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202305447","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202305447","volume":"62","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"X. Zhang, X. Zhu, S. Bo, C. Chen, K. Cheng et al., Electrocatalytic urea synthesis with 63.5% faradaic efficiency and 100% N-Selectivity via one-step C\u2013N coupling. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202305447 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202305447","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01127-0","volume":"15","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Gao, J. Wang, Y. Yang, J. Wang, C. Zhang et al., Engineering spin states of isolated copper species in a metal-organic framework improves urea electrosynthesis. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 158 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-023-01127-0","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201500","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202201500","volume":"12","author":"J Leverett","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Leverett, T. Tran-Phu, J.A. Yuwono, P. Kumar, C. Kim et al., Tuning the coordination structure of Cu\u2013N\u2013C single atom catalysts for simultaneous electrochemical reduction of CO2 and NO3\u2013 to urea. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2201500 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aenm.202201500","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11530","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c03452","volume":"144","author":"X Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Wei, X. Wen, Y. Liu, C. Chen, C. Xie et al., Oxygen vacancy-mediated selective C\u2013N coupling toward electrocatalytic urea synthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 11530\u201311535 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.2c03452","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230712310","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202307123","volume":"62","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Q. Zhao, X. Lu, Y. Wang, S. Zhu, Y. Liu et al., Sustainable and high-rate electrosynthesis of nitrogen fertilizer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e20230712310 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202307123","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1039\/d3qm00627a","volume":"7","author":"T Hou","year":"2023","unstructured":"T. Hou, J. Ding, H. Zhang, S. Chen, Q. Liu et al., FeNi3 nanoparticles for electrocatalytic synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrate. Mater. Chem. Front. 7, 4952\u20134960 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3qm00627a","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"1462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10910","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202101275","volume":"60","author":"M Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Yuan, J. Chen, Y. Bai, Z. Liu, J. Zhang et al., Unveiling electrochemical urea synthesis by co-activation of CO2 and N2 with Mott-Schottky heterostructure catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 10910\u201310918 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202101275","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300387","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202300387","volume":"62","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Liu, X. Tu, X. Wei, D. Wang, X. Zhang et al., C-bound or O-bound surface: which one boosts electrocatalytic urea synthesis? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202300387 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202300387","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c01956","volume":"16","author":"C Lv","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. Lv, C. Lee, L. Zhong, H. Liu, J. Liu et al., A defect engineered electrocatalyst that promotes high-efficiency urea synthesis under ambient conditions. Nano Lett. 16, 8213\u20138222 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.2c01956","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00772-7","volume":"14","author":"D Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. Wu, R. Feng, C. Xu, P.-F. Sui, J. Zhang et al., Regulating the electron localization of metallic bismuth for boosting CO2 electroreduction. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 38 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-021-00772-7","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01276-2","volume":"16","author":"B Rhimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"B. Rhimi, M. Zhou, Z. Yan, X. Cai, Z. Jiang, Cu-based materials for enhanced C2+ product selectivity in photo-\/ electro-catalytic CO2 reduction: challenges and prospects. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 64 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-023-01276-2","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01091-9","volume":"15","author":"X-Y Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"X.-Y. Ji, K. Sun, Z.-K. Liu, X. Liu, W. Dong et al., Identification of dynamic active sites among Cu species derived from MOFs@CuPc for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction to ammonia. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 110 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-023-01091-9","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26144","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c08359","volume":"145","author":"CS Gerke","year":"2023","unstructured":"C.S. Gerke, Y. Xu, Y. Yang, G.D. Foley, B. Zhang et al., Electrochemical C\u2013N bond formation within boron imidazolate cages featuring single copper sites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145, 26144\u201326151 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.3c08359","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19577","DOI":"10.1039\/d3nr05254k","volume":"15","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Chen, G. Qi, R. Yin, Q. Liu, L. Feng et al., Electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion on CoO\/CuO nanoarrays using Zn-nitrate batteries. Nanoscale 15, 19577\u201319585 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d3nr05254k","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"1462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12346","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12346","volume":"5","author":"R He","year":"2023","unstructured":"R. He, N. Xu, I.M.U. Hasan, L. Peng, L. Li et al., Advances in electrolyzer design and development for electrochemical CO2 reduction. EcoMat. 5, e12346 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eom2.12346","journal-title":"EcoMat."},{"key":"1462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EY00038E","volume":"1","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Zhang, J. Geng, Z. Zhao, M. Jin, W. Li et al., High-efficiency electrosynthesis of urea over bacterial cellulose regulated Pd\u2013Cu bimetallic catalyst. EES. Catal. 1, 45\u201353 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D2EY00038E","journal-title":"EES. Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9095","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c01177","volume":"16","author":"N Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"N. Meng, X. Ma, C. Wang, Y. Wang, R. Yang et al., Oxide-derived core-shell Cu@Zn nanowires for urea electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide and nitrate in water. Nano lett. 16, 9095\u20139104 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.2c01177","journal-title":"Nano lett."},{"key":"1462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121819","volume":"318","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"H. Wang, Y. Jiang, S. Li, F. Gou, X. Liu et al., Realizing efficient C\u2013N coupling via electrochemical co-reduction of CO2 and NO3- on AuPd nanoalloy to form urea: key C\u2013N coupling intermediates. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 318, 121819 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121819","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"1462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.2c05315","volume":"13","author":"H Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"H. Wan, X. Wang, L. Tan, M. Filippi, P. Strasser et al., Electrochemical synthesis of urea: co-reduction of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. ACS Catal. 13, 1926\u20131933 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscatal.2c05315","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33258-0","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Liu, Y. Jiao, Y. Zheng, M. Jaroniec, S.-Z. Qiao, Mechanism of C\u2013N bonds formation in electrocatalytic urea production revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Nat. Commun. 13, 5471 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-33258-0","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33066-6","volume":"13","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Zhang, X. Zhu, S. Bo, C. Chen, M. Qiu et al., Identifying and tailoring C\u2013N coupling site for efficient urea synthesis over diatomic Fe\u2013Ni catalyst. Nat. Commun. 13, 5337 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-33066-6","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01217-z","volume":"16","author":"S Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Zhang, Y. Zha, Y. Ye, K. Li, Y. Lin et al., Oxygen-coordinated single Mn sites for efficient electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 9 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-023-01217-z","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matre.2023.100216","volume":"3","author":"X Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"X. Rao, J. Yan, K. Yokoyama, X. Shao, C. Inoue et al., A porous Co3O4-carbon paper electrode enabling nearly 100% electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Mater. Rep. Energy 3, 100216 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matre.2023.100216","journal-title":"Mater. Rep. Energy"},{"key":"1462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matre.2022.100139","volume":"2","author":"B Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"B. Xu, I.M.U. Hasan, L. Peng, J. Liu, N. Xu et al., Anion-regulation engineering toward Cu\/In\/MOF bimetallic electrocatalysts for selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO\/formate. Mater Rep Energy. 2, 100139 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matre.2022.100139","journal-title":"Mater Rep Energy."},{"key":"1462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12260","DOI":"10.1002\/eom2.12260","volume":"4","author":"L Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Peng, C. Chen, R. He, N. Xu, J. Qiao et al., Tin-doped bismuth dendrites for highly efficient electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by using bipolar membrane in ultrathin liquid reactor. EcoMat 4, e12260 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eom2.12260","journal-title":"EcoMat"},{"key":"1462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3866\/pku.whxb202302037","author":"L Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Peng, Y. Zhang, R. He, N. Xu, J. Qiao, Research advances in electrocatalysts, electrolytes, reactors and membranes for the electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3866\/pku.whxb202302037","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Chim. Sin."},{"key":"1462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143531","volume":"467","author":"J Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Yan, Y. Guan, B. Marchetti, Y. Liu, F. Ning et al., Bi-Eu bimetallic catalysts enabling ultrastable electroreduction of CO2 with a \u223c 100% formate Faradaic efficiency. Chem. Eng. J. 467, 143531 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143531","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1462_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.08.079","volume":"652","author":"M Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Yang, G. Meng, H. Li, T. Wei, Q. Liu et al., Bifunctional bimetallic oxide nanowires for high-efficiency electrosynthesis of 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid and ammonia. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 652, 155\u2013163 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.08.079","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00757-8","volume":"5","author":"Y Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Ji, Z. Chen, R. Wei, C. Yang, Y. Wang et al., Selective CO-to-acetate electroreduction via intermediate adsorption tuning on ordered Cu\u2013Pd sites. Nat. Catal. 5, 251\u2013258 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41929-022-00757-8","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202210958","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202210958","volume":"62","author":"J Geng","year":"2023","unstructured":"J. Geng, S. Ji, M. Jin, C. Zhang, M. Xu et al., Ambient electrosynthesis of urea with nitrate and carbon dioxide over iron-based dual-sites. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202210958 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202210958","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01347-y","volume":"16","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Li, Y. Li, H. Sun, L. Gao, X. Jin et al., Current status and perspectives of dual-atom catalysts towards sustainable energy utilization. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 139 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01347-y","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj9980","volume":"374","author":"C-L Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"C.-L. Yang, L.-N. Wang, P. Yin, J. Liu, M.-X. Chen et al., Sulfur-anchoring synthesis of platinum intermetallic nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cells. Science 374, 459\u2013464 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abj9980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1462_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b01961","volume":"13","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Yang, W. Xiao, X. Feng, Y. Xiong, M. Gong et al., Golden palladium zinc ordered intermetallics as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. Nano Lett. 13, 5968\u20135974 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.9b01961","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.05.032","volume":"50","author":"W Xiao","year":"2018","unstructured":"W. Xiao, M.A.L. Cordeiro, G. Gao, A. Zheng, J. Wang et al., Atomic rearrangement from disordered to ordered Pd\u2013Fe nanocatalysts with trace amount of Pt decoration for efficient electrocatalysis. Nano Energy 50, 70\u201378 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nanoen.2018.05.032","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"1462_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-023-00258-x","volume":"2","author":"Q Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Q. Gao, B. Yao, H.S. Pillai, W. Zang, X. Han et al., Synthesis of core\/shell nanocrystals with ordered intermetallic single-atom alloy layers for nitrate electroreduction to ammonia. Nat. Synth. 2, 624\u2013634 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44160-023-00258-x","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"1462_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7568","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.1c01413","volume":"11","author":"J Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Lim, C.-Y. Liu, J. Park, Y.-H. Liu, T.P. Senftle et al., Structure sensitivity of Pd facets for enhanced electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia. ACS Catal. 11, 7568\u20137577 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscatal.1c01413","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b05109","volume":"9","author":"W Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. Luo, J. Zhang, M. Li, A. Z\u00fcttel, Boosting CO production in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction on highly porous Zn catalysts. ACS Catal. 9, 3783\u20133791 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscatal.8b05109","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00922","volume":"5","author":"J Rosen","year":"2015","unstructured":"J. Rosen, G.S. Hutchings, Q. Lu, R.V. Forest, A. Moore et al., Electrodeposited Zn dendrites with enhanced CO selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. ACS Catal. 5, 4586\u20134591 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acscatal.5b00922","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE00806D","volume":"14","author":"Y Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Guo, R. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhao, Q. Yang et al., Pd doping-weakened intermediate adsorption to promote electrocatalytic nitrate reduction on TiO2 nanoarrays for ammonia production and energy supply with zinc\u2013nitrate batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 3938\u20133944 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1EE00806D","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1801878","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801878","volume":"30","author":"M Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Hu, S. Zhao, S. Liu, C. Chen, W. Chen et al., MOF-confined sub-2 nm atomically ordered intermetallic PdZn nanoparticles as high-performance catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Adv. Mater. 30, e1801878 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.201801878","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202317087","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202317087","volume":"63","author":"X Tu","year":"2024","unstructured":"X. Tu, X. Zhu, S. Bo, X. Zhang, R. Miao et al., A universal approach for sustainable urea synthesis via intermediate assembly at the electrode\/electrolyte interface. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202317087 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202317087","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139836","volume":"453","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, A. Ma, J. Gui et al., Unveiling the quantification minefield in electrocatalytic urea synthesis. Chem. Eng. J. 453, 139836 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139836","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31660-2","volume":"13","author":"Q Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Q. Hu, K. Gao, X. Wang, H. Zheng, J. Cao et al., Subnanometric Ru clusters with upshifted D band center improve performance for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 13, 3958 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-31660-2","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwac209","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac209","volume":"10","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. Zhang, Y. Xue, X. Zheng, C. Zhang, Y. Li, Multi-heterointerfaces for selective and efficient urea production. Natl. Sci. Rev. 10, nwac209 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nsr\/nwac209","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"1462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15664","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b10462","volume":"139","author":"S Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Zhu, B. Jiang, W.-B. Cai, M. Shao, Direct observation on reaction intermediates and the role of bicarbonate anions in CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction on Cu surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 15664\u201315667 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.7b10462","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"1462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c02471","volume":"7","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Y. Huang, R. Yang, C. Wang, N. Meng, Y. Shi et al., Direct electrosynthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 284\u2013291 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c02471","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"1462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100378","volume":"2","author":"N Meng","year":"2021","unstructured":"N. Meng, Y. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Yu, B. Zhang, Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2, 100378 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100378","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202301 957","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202301957","volume":"62","author":"M Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Sun, G. Wu, J. Jiang, Y. Yang, A. Du et al., Carbon-anchored molybdenum oxide nanoclusters as efficient catalysts for the electrosynthesis of ammonia and urea. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202301 957 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.202301957","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"1462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2021.11.009","volume":"2","author":"M Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Yuan, H. Zhang, Y. Xu, R. Liu, R. Wang et al., Artificial frustrated Lewis pairs facilitating the electrochemical N2 and CO2 conversion to urea. Chem Catal. 2, 309\u2013320 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.checat.2021.11.009","journal-title":"Chem Catal."},{"key":"1462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121618","volume":"316","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Liu, P.V. Kumar, Q. Chen, L. Zhao, F. Ye et al., Carbon nanotubes with fluorine-rich surface as metal-free electrocatalyst for effective synthesis of urea from nitrate and CO2. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 316, 121618 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apcatb.2022.121618","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"1462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC01467F","volume":"12","author":"M Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Yuan, J. Chen, Y. Bai, Z. Liu, J. Zhang et al., Electrochemical C\u2013N coupling with perovskite hybrids toward efficient urea synthesis. Chem. Sci. 12, 6048\u20136058 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1SC01467F","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EE01731D","volume":"14","author":"Q Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Q. Hu, Y. Qin, X. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Huang et al., Reaction intermediate-mediated electrocatalyst synthesis favors specified facet and defect exposure for efficient nitrate\u2013ammonia conversion. Energy Environ. Sci. 14, 4989\u20134997 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D1EE01731D","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"1462_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c00971","volume":"142","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Chen, T. Wang, B. Liu, D. Cheng, C. Hu et al., Grain-boundary-rich copper for efficient solar-driven electrochemical CO2 reduction to ethylene and ethanol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 6878\u20136883 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.0c00971","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["Nano-Micro Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T13:02:41Z","timestamp":1728478961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40820-024-01462-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2311-6706","2150-5551"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2311-6706","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-5551","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no interest conflict. They have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"247"}}