{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:33:10Z","timestamp":1792384390495,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dev Life Course Criminology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T04:36:05Z","timestamp":1621485365000},"page":"151-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Exploratory Investigation of Parental Incarceration, Emotional Independence, and Adult Children\u2019s Criminal Activity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica G.","family":"Finkeldey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica A.","family":"Longmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy C.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy D.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"149","key":"164_CR1","first-page":"171","volume":"38","author":"MS Adams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adams, M. S., Robertson, C. T., Gray-Ray, P., & Ray, M. C. (2003). Labeling and delinquency. Adolescence, 38(149), 171\u2013186","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.1.56","volume":"70","author":"JP Allen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allen, J. P., Marsh, P., McFarland, C., McElhaney, K. B., Land, D. J., Jodl, K. M., & Peck, S. (2002). Attachment and autonomy as predictors of the development of social skills and delinquency during midadolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 56\u201366","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"164_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer, M. S. (2000). Being human: The problem of agency. Cambridge University Press","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511488733"},{"key":"164_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arditti, J. A., Smock, S. A., Parkman, T. S. (2005). \u201cIt\u2019s been hard to be a father\u201d: A qualitative exploration of incarcerated fatherhood. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers, 3(3), 267\u2013288","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.0303.267"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0190272513504222","volume":"76","author":"EK Asencio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asencio, E. K. (2013). Self-esteem, reflected appraisals, and self-views: Examining criminal and worker identities. Social Psychology Quarterly, 76(4), 291\u2013313","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1525\/sop.2011.54.2.163","volume":"54","author":"EK Asencio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asencio, E. K., & Burke, P. J. (2011). Does incarceration change the criminal identity? A synthesis of labeling and identity theory perspectives on identity change. Sociological Perspectives, 54(2), 163\u2013182","journal-title":"Sociological Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-019-00118-3","volume":"5","author":"MB Augustyn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Augustyn, M. B., Ward, J. T., Krohn, M. D., & Dong, B. (2019). Criminal justice contact across generations: Assessing the intergenerational labeling hypothesis. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 5(2), 137\u2013175","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2307\/2580760","volume":"75","author":"DJ Bartusch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bartusch, D. J., & Matsueda, R. L. (1996). Gender, reflected appraisals, and labeling: A cross-group test of an interactionist theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 75(1), 145\u2013176","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2010.03.002","volume":"20","author":"PM Bentler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bentler, P. M. (2010). SEM with simplicity and accuracy. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2), 215\u2013220","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"164_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2016.1167433","volume":"37","author":"D Boduszek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., & Debowska, A. (2016). The integrated psychosocial model of criminal social identity (IPM-CSI). Deviant Behavior, 37(9), 1023\u20131031","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"key":"164_CR11","unstructured":"Bronson, Jennifer Ann E. Carson. (2019). Prisoners in 2017. Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved March 27, 2020. (https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p17.pdf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR12","first-page":"22","volume":"6","author":"D Brownfield","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brownfield, D., & Thompson, K. (2005). Self-concept and delinquency: The effects of reflected appraisals by parent and peers. Western Criminology Review, 6(1), 22\u201329","journal-title":"Western Criminology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12464","volume":"80","author":"JC Cochran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cochran, J. C., Siennick, S. E., & Mears, D. P. (2018). Social exclusion and parental incarceration impacts on adolescents\u2019 networks and school engagement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(2), 478\u2013498","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427819878220","volume":"57","author":"JE Copp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Copp, J. E., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2020). Desistance from crime during the transition to adulthood: The influence of parents, peers, and shifts in identity. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 57(3), 294\u2013332","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2016.1246259","volume":"41","author":"BR Crank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crank, B. R. (2018). Accepting deviant identities: the impact of self-labeling on intentions to desist from crime. Journal of Crime and Justice, 41(2), 155\u2013172","journal-title":"Journal of Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2010.04.001","volume":"31","author":"DH Dallaire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dallaire, D. H., Ciccone, A., & Wilson, L. C. (2010). Teachers\u2019 experiences with and expectations of children with incarcerated parents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 281\u2013290","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.913248","volume":"44","author":"DH Dallaire","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dallaire, D. H., Zeman, J. L., & Thrash, T. M. (2015). Children\u2019s experiences of maternal incarceration-specific risks: Predictions to psychological maladaptation. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 109\u2013122","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.32674\/jise.v0i0.1244","volume":"8","author":"WR Dardick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dardick, W. R., & Tuckwiller, E. D. (2019). Optimism shapes mindset: Understanding the association of optimism and pessimism. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 8(2), 21\u201356","journal-title":"Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.10.006","volume":"54","author":"L Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis, L., & Shlafer, R. J. (2017). Mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents. Journal of Adolescence, 54(1), 120\u2013134","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427803256236","volume":"41","author":"S Demuth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Demuth, S., & Brown, S. L. (2004). Family structure, family processes, and adolescent delinquency: The significance of parental absence versus parental gender. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(1), 58\u201381","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-010-9098-0","volume":"6","author":"JH Derzon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derzon, J. H. (2010). The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal, and violent behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(3), 263\u2013292","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Criminology"},{"key":"164_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyer, W. J. (2005). Prison, fathers, and identity: A theory of how incarceration affects men\u2019s paternal identity. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers, 3(3), 201\u2013219","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.0303.201"},{"key":"164_CR23","unstructured":"Elder Jr, G. H. (1985). Perspectives on the life course. In G. H. Elder (Ed.), Life course dynamics. (pp. 23\u201349). Cornell University Press."},{"key":"164_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder Jr, G. H. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4\u201315","DOI":"10.2307\/2786971"},{"key":"164_CR25","unstructured":"Elder Jr, G. H. (1997). Life course and human development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Volume 1: Theoretical models of human development. (pp. 939\u2013991). New York."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2307\/2095245","volume":"45","author":"DS Elliott","year":"1980","unstructured":"Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling race\/ethnicity and class differences in self\u2013reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 45(1), 95\u2013110","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01561-y","volume":"29","author":"JG Finkeldey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finkeldey, J. G., Longmore, M. A., Giordano, P. C., & Manning, W. D. (2020). Identifying as a troublemaker\/partier: The influence of parental incarceration and emotional independence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 802\u2013816","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112437","volume":"41","author":"H Foster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foster, H., & Hagan, J. (2015). Punishment regimes and the multilevel effects of parental incarceration: Intergenerational, intersectional, and interinstitutional models of social inequality and systemic exclusion. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 135\u2013158","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.08.080182.000245","volume":"8","author":"V Gecas","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8(1), 1\u201333","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"164_CR30","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Sociological perspectives on social psychology","author":"V Gecas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gecas, V., & Burke, P. J. (1995). Self and identity. In K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, & J. S. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology. (pp. 41\u201367). Allyn and Bacon."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-011-0081-9","volume":"49","author":"A Geller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2012). Beyond absenteeism: father incarceration and child development. Demography, 49(1), 49\u201376","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"164_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810046","volume-title":"Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C. (2010). Legacies of crime: A follow-up of the children of highly delinquent girls and boys. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12118","volume":"14","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., & Copp, J. E. (2015). \u201cPackages\u201d of risk. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(1), 157\u2013168","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9753-3","volume":"31","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., Copp, J. E., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2016). Anger, control, and intimate partner violence in young adulthood. Journal of Family Violence, 31(1), 1\u201313","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12209","volume":"57","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., Copp, J. E., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2019). Linking parental incarceration and family dynamics associated with intergenerational transmission: A life-course perspective. Criminology, 57(3), 395\u2013423","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0186","volume":"87","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., Manning, W. D., & Northcutt, M. J. (2009). Adolescent identities and sexual behavior: An examination of Anderson\u2019s player hypothesis. Social Forces, 87(4), 1813\u20131843","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00104.x","volume":"46","author":"PC Giordano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., Schroeder, R. D., & Seffrin, P. M. (2008). A life-course perspective on spirituality and desistance from crime. Criminology, 46(1), 99\u2013132","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.x","volume":"37","author":"PC Giordano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Giordano, P. C., Millhollin, T. J., Cernkovich, S. A., Pugh, M. D., & Rudolph, J. L. (1999). Delinquency, identity, and women\u2019s involvement in relationship violence. Criminology, 37(1), 17\u201340","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"164_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaze, L. E., Maruschak, L. M. (2008). Parents in prison and their minor children (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin). (http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/pptmc.pdf)","DOI":"10.1037\/e513862010-001"},{"key":"164_CR40","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"E Goffman","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00046-7","volume":"37","author":"TF Golob","year":"2003","unstructured":"Golob, T. F. (2003). Structural equation modeling for travel behavior research. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 37(1), 1\u201325","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12156","volume":"77","author":"J Harding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harding, J., Morris, P. A., & Hughes, D. (2015). The relationship between maternal education and children\u2019s academic outcomes: A theoretical framework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 60\u201376","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"issue":"7","key":"164_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0383-z","volume":"25","author":"D Harris-McKoy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris-McKoy, D. (2016). Adolescent delinquency: Is too much or too little parental control a problem? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(7), 2079\u20132088","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519609540037","volume":"3","author":"L Hatcher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hatcher, L. (1996). Using SAS\u00ae PROC CALIS for path analysis: An introduction. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(2), 176\u2013192","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015227414929","volume":"18","author":"DL Haynie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haynie, D. L. (2002). Friendship networks and delinquency: The relative nature of peer delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(2), 99\u2013134","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1086\/227905","volume":"89","author":"T Hirschi","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89(3), 552\u2013584","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2307\/2095939","volume":"59","author":"K Heimer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Heimer, K., & Matsueda, R. L. (1994). Role-taking, role-commitment, and delinquency: A theory of differential social control. American Sociological Review, 59(3), 365\u2013390","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"164_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9310-8","volume":"37","author":"M Hoeve","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van Der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(6), 749\u2013775","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.31.2.170","volume":"31","author":"JA Hoffman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 170\u2013178","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR50","first-page":"53","volume":"6","author":"D Hooper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53\u201360","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2009.09.003","volume":"20","author":"D Iacobucci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90\u201398","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"key":"164_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ingoglia, S., Lo Coco, A., Liga, F., Grazia Lo Cricchio, M. (2011). Emotional separation and detachment as two distinct dimensions of parent-adolescent relationships. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(3), 271\u2013281","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025410385878"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558414558593","volume":"30","author":"EI Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson, E. I., & Easterling, B. A. (2015). Coping with confinement: Adolescents\u2019 experiences with parental incarceration. Journal of Adolescent Research, 30(2), 244\u2013267","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"164_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854819858121","volume":"46","author":"EI Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson, E. I., Kilpatrick, T., Bolland, A. C., & Bolland, J. (2019). Household member arrest and adolescent substance use: the mediating roles of parenting and youth psychological distress. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(8), 1088\u20131105","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-016-0044-3","volume":"2","author":"WL Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2016). Parents, identities, and trajectories of antisocial behavior from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 2(4), 442\u2013465","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"},{"key":"164_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, D., Sullivan, M. (Eds.). (2016). Parental Incarceration: Personal Accounts and Developmental Impact. Routledge","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315645971"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128706294438","volume":"53","author":"L Kazemian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kazemian, L., & Le Blanc, M. (2007). Differential cost avoidance and successful criminal careers: Random or rational? Crime & Delinquency, 53(1), 38\u201363","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2007.00071.x","volume":"45","author":"RD King","year":"2007","unstructured":"King, R. D., Massoglia, M., & MacMillan, R. (2007). The context of marriage and crime: Gender, the propensity to marry, and offending in early adulthood. Criminology, 45(1), 33\u201365","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"164_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20451","volume":"39","author":"JM Kjellstrand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kjellstrand, J. M., & Eddy, J. M. (2011). Mediators of the effect of parental incarceration on adolescent externalizing behaviors. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(5), 551\u2013565","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2012.01.001","volume":"32","author":"S Koepke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation\u2013individuation in parent\u2013child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood \u2013 A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 67\u201388","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.18.1.341","volume":"18","author":"N Krieger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Krieger, N., Williams, D. R., & Moss, N. E. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18(1), 341\u2013378","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071312-145605","volume":"39","author":"C Kruttschnitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kruttschnitt, C. (2013). Gender and crime. Annual Review of Sociology, 39(1), 291\u2013308","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.36.3.286","volume":"36","author":"DK Lapsley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & Shadid, G. E. (1989). Psychological separation and adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(3), 286\u2013294","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0627","volume":"131","author":"RD Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, R. D., Fang, X., & Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), 1188\u20131195","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1201_1","volume":"12","author":"M Lei","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lei, M., & Lomax, R. G. (2005). The effect of varying degrees of nonnormality in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12(1), 1\u201327","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"164_CR66","volume-title":"Social pathology","author":"EM Lemert","year":"1951","unstructured":"Lemert, E. M. (1951). Social pathology. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"164_CR67","volume-title":"Human deviance, social problems, and social Control","author":"EM Lemert","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lemert, E. M. (1967). Human deviance, social problems, and social Control. Prentice-Hall."},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2307\/1389540","volume":"43","author":"X Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu, X. (2000). The conditional effect of peer groups on the relationship between parental labeling and youth delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 43(3), 499\u2013514","journal-title":"Sociological Perspectives"},{"issue":"11","key":"164_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2016.1170551","volume":"37","author":"K Luther","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luther, K. (2016). Stigma management among children of incarcerated parents. Deviant Behavior, 37(11), 1264\u20131275","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"key":"164_CR70","volume-title":"The psychological birth of the human infant symbiosis and individuation","author":"MS Mahler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (2015). The psychological birth of the human infant symbiosis and individuation. Basic Books."},{"issue":"6","key":"164_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1086\/229940","volume":"97","author":"RL Matsueda","year":"1992","unstructured":"Matsueda, R. L. (1992). Reflected appraisals, parental labeling, and delinquency: Specifying a symbolic interactionist theory. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1577\u20131611","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"164_CR72","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Developmental theories of crime and delinquency","author":"RL Matsueda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Matsueda, R. L., & Heimer, K. (1997). A symbolic interactionist theory of role-transitions, role-commitments, and delinquency. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency. (pp. 163\u2013213). Transaction Publishers."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427815592452","volume":"53","author":"DP Mears","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mears, D. P., & Siennick, S. E. (2016). Young adult outcomes and the life-course penalties of parental incarceration. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(1), 3\u201335","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515605123","volume":"33","author":"LR Mufti\u0107","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mufti\u0107, L. R., & Smith, M. (2018). Sex, parental incarceration, and violence perpetration among a sample of young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(2), 316\u2013338","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"164_CR75","unstructured":"Murphey, D., Cooper, P. M. (2015). Parents behind bars: What happens to their children. Child Trends. Retrieved April 19, 2020. (https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf)"},{"key":"164_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14377-000","volume-title":"Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies","author":"J Murray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murray, J., Bijleveld, C. C., Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2014). Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies. American Psychological Association."},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026407","volume":"138","author":"J Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Sekol, I. (2012). Children\u2019s antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 175\u2013210","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00257.x","volume":"50","author":"J Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray, J., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. (2012). Parental involvement in the criminal justice system and the development of youth theft, marijuana use, depression, and poor academic performance. Criminology, 50(1), 255\u2013302","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"6","key":"164_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9364-9","volume":"19","author":"U Pace","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pace, U., & Zappulla, C. (2010). Relations between suicidal ideation, depression, and emotional autonomy from parents in adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(6), 747\u2013756","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-010-9391-6","volume":"20","author":"SD Phillips","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips, S. D., & Gates, T. (2011). A conceptual framework for understanding the stigmatization of children of incarcerated parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(3), 286\u2013294","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"164_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.03.018","volume":"36","author":"S Reslan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reslan, S., Saules, K. K., & Serras, A. (2011). \u201cPartier\u201d self-concept mediates the relationship between college student binge drinking and related adverse consequences. Addictive Behaviors, 36(8), 855\u2013860","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2014.894111","volume":"33","author":"M Rocque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rocque, M., Posick, C., & Paternoster, R. (2016). Identities through time: an exploration of identity change as a cause of desistance. Justice Quarterly, 33(1), 45\u201372","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00253.x","volume":"49","author":"ME Roettger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roettger, M. E., & Swisher, R. R. (2011). Associations of fathers\u2019 history of incarceration with sons\u2019 delinquency and arrest among black, white, and Hispanic males in the United States. Criminology, 49(4), 1109\u20131147","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"164_CR84","first-page":"593","volume-title":"Social psychology: Sociological perspectives","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rosenberg, M. (1981). The self-concept: Social product and social force. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives. (pp. 593\u2013624). Basic Books Inc."},{"key":"164_CR85","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2019). SAS\/STAT\u00ae 15.1 User\u2019s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc"},{"key":"164_CR86","unstructured":"Satorra, A., Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. Von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (p. 399\u2013419). Sage Publications, Inc"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.05.012","volume":"90","author":"V Saunders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saunders, V. (2018). What does your dad do for a living? Children of prisoners and their experiences of stigma. Children and Youth Services Review, 90(1), 21\u201327","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.027","volume":"38","author":"RD Schroeder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schroeder, R. D., Giordano, P. C., & Cernkovich, S. A. (2010). Adult child-parent bonds and life course criminality. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 562\u2013571","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820802245052","volume":"26","author":"PM Seffrin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seffrin, P. M., Giordano, P. C., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2009). The influence of dating relationships on friendship networks, identity development, and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 26(2), 238\u2013267","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"issue":"12","key":"164_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12440","volume":"10","author":"M Shaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaw, M. (2016). The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility. Sociology Compass, 10(12), 1102\u20131109","journal-title":"Sociology Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01499023","volume":"20","author":"L Steinberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1996). Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 20(3), 249\u2013272","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"key":"164_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351314688","volume-title":"Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families and its effects on children","author":"MA Straus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Straus, M. A. (2017). Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families and its effects on children. Routledge."},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","volume":"17","author":"MA Straus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised conflict tactics scales (CTS2) development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283\u2013316","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2307\/2695840","volume":"63","author":"S Stryker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284\u2013297","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716214526345","volume":"654","author":"BL Sykes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sykes, B. L., & Pettit, B. (2014). Mass incarceration, family complexity, and the reproduction of childhood disadvantage. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), 127\u2013149","journal-title":"The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"164_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.709","volume":"19","author":"TP Thornberry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thornberry, T. P., Freeman-Gallant, A., & Lovegrove, P. J. (2009). Intergenerational linkages in antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19(2), 80\u201393","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"key":"164_CR97","volume-title":"Punishing race: A continuing American dilemma","author":"M Tonry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tonry, M. (2011). Punishing race: A continuing American dilemma. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"164_CR98","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Retrieved from https:\/\/data.census.gov\/cedsci\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"164_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(91)90067-N","volume":"15","author":"YM Vissing","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vissing, Y. M., Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Harrop, J. W. (1991). Verbal aggression by parents and psychosocial problems of children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15(3), 223\u2013238","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"164_CR100","volume-title":"Children of the prison boom: Mass incarceration and the future of American inequality","author":"S Wakefield","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wakefield, S., & Wildeman, C. J. (2014). Children of the prison boom: Mass incarceration and the future of American inequality. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"164_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511803956","volume-title":"Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct","author":"M Warr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105459","volume":"8","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., & Muller, C. (2012). Mass imprisonment and inequality in health and family life. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(1), 11\u201330","journal-title":"Annual Review of Law and Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"164_CR103","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"C Wildeman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., Scardamalia, K., Walsh, E. G., O\u2019Brien, R. L., & Brew, B. (2017). Paternal incarceration and teachers\u2019 expectations of students. Socius, 3(1), 1\u201317","journal-title":"Socius"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-015-0019-9","volume":"1","author":"SA Wiley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiley, S. A. (2015). Arrested development: Does the grade level at which juveniles experience arrest matter? Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 1(4), 411\u2013433","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12024","volume":"51","author":"SA Wiley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiley, S. A., Slocum, L. E., & Esbensen, F. A. (2013). The unintended consequences of being stopped or arrested: An exploration of the labeling mechanisms through which police contact leads to subsequent delinquency. Criminology, 51(4), 927\u2013966","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"164_CR106","unstructured":"Wolfgang, M. E., Robert M. F., Paul E. T., & Simon L. S. (1985). The National Survey of Crime Severity. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved March 15, 2020. (https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/Publications\/abstract.aspx?ID=96017)"},{"issue":"4","key":"164_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2016.1141354","volume":"23","author":"Y Xia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Yung, Y.-F., & Zhang, W. (2016). Evaluating the selection of normal-theory weight matrices in the Satorra-Bentler correction of chi-square and standard errors. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(4), 585\u2013594","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"164_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, B., Collier, N. L., Siennick, S. E., & Mears, D. P. (2020). Incarceration and the life course: Age-graded effects of the first parental incarceration experience. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-020-00143-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"164_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.12.005","volume":"37","author":"M Zupan\u010di\u010d","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zupan\u010di\u010d, M., & Kav\u010di\u010d, T. (2014). Student personality traits predicting individuation in relation to mothers and fathers. Journal of Adolescence, 37(5), 715\u2013726","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T06:33:37Z","timestamp":1675319617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40865-021-00164-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2199-4641","2199-465X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2199-4641","type":"print"},{"value":"2199-465X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}