{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:52:09Z","timestamp":1789102329024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pulm Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:54:47Z","timestamp":1761828887000},"page":"13-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nonpharmacologic Care of Bronchiectasis: Addressing Frailty with Nutrition and Physical Activity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetana","family":"Pendkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarpreet K.","family":"Ahluwalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02206-5","volume":"22","author":"K Fujita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fujita K, Ito Y, Yamamoto Y, et\u00a0al. Comparison of frailty in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease and bronchiectasis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22(1):395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-022-02206-5.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.15326\/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0178","volume":"7","author":"KA Despotes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Despotes KA, Choate R, Addrizzo-Harris D, et\u00a0al. Nutrition and markers of disease severity in patients with bronchiectasis. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis: J COPD Found. 2020;7(4):390\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15326\/jcopdf.7.4.2020.0178.","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis: J COPD Found"},{"issue":"6","key":"328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902138","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02138-2019","volume":"55","author":"V Alcaraz-Serrano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Serrano V, Gimeno-Santos E, Scioscia G, et\u00a0al. Association between physical activity and risk of hospitalisation in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(6):1902138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02138-2019.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.049","volume":"119","author":"LA Schaap","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schaap LA, Pluijm SMF, Deeg DJH, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med. 2006;119(6):526.e9-526.e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.049.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597675","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.597675","volume":"11","author":"JM Webster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Webster JM, Kempen LJAP, Hardy RS, Langen RCJ. Inflammation and skeletal muscle wasting during cachexia. Front Physiol. 2020;11:597675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2020.597675.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x","volume":"50","author":"I Janssen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(5):889\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(19)30634-2","volume":"75","author":"JO Holloszy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holloszy JO. The biology of aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(1):S3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0025-6196(19)30634-2.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E627","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.270.4.E627","volume":"270","author":"AA Ferrando","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ferrando AA, Lane HW, Stuart CA, Davis-Street J, Wolfe RR. Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab. 1996;270(4):E627\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1996.270.4.E627.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202125","volume":"68","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, McHugh BJ, Docherty C, Govan JRW, Hill AT. Vitamin-D deficiency is associated with chronic bacterial colonisation and disease severity in bronchiectasis. Thorax. 2013;68(1):39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202125.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.01.009","volume":"148","author":"S Ferri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferri S, Crimi C, Heffler E, Campisi R, Noto A, Crimi N. Vitamin D and disease severity in bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2019;148:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.01.009.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03548-6","volume":"25","author":"YH Wen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wen YH, Dai RX, Yang H, et\u00a0al. Relation between vitamin D deficiency and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in patients with bronchiectasis. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-025-03548-6.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1575oc","volume":"189","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Goeminne P, Aliberti S, et\u00a0al. The bronchiectasis severity index. An international derivation and validation study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(5):576\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201309-1575oc.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02454-z","volume":"23","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang X, Liu X. Prevalence and clinical impact of frailty in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-023-02454-z.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.001","volume":"221","author":"B Koons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koons B, Greenland JR, Diamond JM, Singer JP. Pathobiology of frailty in lung disease. Transl Res. 2020;221:1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.001.","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300442","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00442-2023","volume":"62","author":"CR Osadnik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osadnik CR, Brighton LJ, Burtin C, et\u00a0al. European respiratory society statement on frailty in adults with chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2023;62(2):2300442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00442-2023.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652410","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.652410","volume":"8","author":"EJ Derbyshire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derbyshire EJ, Calder PC. Bronchiectasis\u2014could immunonutrition have a role to play in future management? Front Nutr. 2021;8:652410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.652410.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00057","DOI":"10.1097\/in9.0000000000000057","volume":"7","author":"JH Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao JH, Ortega EF, Panda A. Impact of zinc on immunometabolism and its putative role on respiratory diseases. Immunometabolism. 2025;7(1):e00057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/in9.0000000000000057.","journal-title":"Immunometabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et\u00a0al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-0385.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.05.013","volume":"119","author":"CC Lan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lan CC, Lai SR, Chien JY. Nonpharmacological treatment for patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119:S42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.05.013.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-954OC","volume":"168","author":"M Pelkonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pelkonen M, Notkola IL, Lakka T, Tukiainen HO, Kivinen P, Nissinen A. Delaying decline in pulmonary function with physical activity: a 25-year follow-up. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(4):494\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.200208-954OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.11.005","volume":"662","author":"H Hyatt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyatt H, Deminice R, Yoshihara T, Powers SK. Mitochondrial dysfunction induces muscle atrophy during prolonged inactivity: a review of the causes and effects. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2019;662:49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2018.11.005.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"1","key":"328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/mco.0b013e328333aa66","volume":"13","author":"KL English","year":"2010","unstructured":"English KL, Paddon-Jones D. Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(1):34\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/mco.0b013e328333aa66.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13459","volume":"24","author":"K O\u2019Neill","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill K, O\u2019Donnell AE, Bradley JM. Airway clearance, mucoactive therapies and pulmonary rehabilitation in bronchiectasis. Respirology. 2019;24(3):227\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.13459.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"6","key":"328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202302-129ST","volume":"20","author":"M Maddocks","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maddocks M, Brighton LJ, Alison JA, et\u00a0al. Rehabilitation for people with respiratory disease and frailty: an official American Thoracic Society workshop report. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2023;20(6):767\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202302-129ST.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.07.006","volume":"108","author":"AL Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee AL, Hill CJ, Cecins N, et\u00a0al. Minimal important difference in field walking tests in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis following exercise training. Respir Med. 2014;108(9):1303\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.07.006.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-216934","volume":"77","author":"NS Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox NS, McDonald CF, Mahal A, et\u00a0al. Telerehabilitation for chronic respiratory disease: a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Thorax. 2022;77(7):643\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-216934.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0856-0","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Crichton ML, Brady G, Finch S, Lonergan M, Fardon TC. Pulmonary rehabilitation after exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0856-0.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000375170","volume":"89","author":"C Burtin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burtin C, Hebestreit H. Rehabilitation in patients with chronic respiratory disease other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: exercise and physical activity interventions in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respiration. 2015;89(3):181\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000375170.","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-5","author":"AL Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee AL, Cecins N, Hill CJ, et\u00a0al. The effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2466-10-5.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x221150278","volume":"30","author":"M Farzandipour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farzandipour M, Nabovati E, Sharif R. The effectiveness of tele-triage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Telemed Telecare. 2024;30(9):1367\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633x221150278.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"9","key":"328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1330","volume":"96","author":"CJ O\u2019leary","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019leary CJ, Wilson CB, Hansell DM, Cole PJ, Wilson R, Jones PW. Relationship between psychological well-being and lung health status in patients with bronchiectasis. Respir Med. 2002;96(9):686\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/rmed.2002.1330.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147997312093329","DOI":"10.1177\/1479973120933292","volume":"17","author":"SC Wynne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wynne SC, Patel S, Barker RE, et\u00a0al. Anxiety and depression in bronchiectasis: response to pulmonary rehabilitation and minimal clinically important difference of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Chron Respir Dis. 2020;17:1479973120933292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479973120933292.","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00248","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00248-2024","volume":"10","author":"MS Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang MS, Kim HJ, Lee JH. The prevalence and implications of depression and anxiety in patients with bronchiectasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ERJ Open Res. 2024;10(6):00248\u20132024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00248-2024.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0188-5","volume":"22","author":"C Olveira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olveira C, Olveira G, Gaspar I, et\u00a0al. Depression and anxiety symptoms in bronchiectasis: associations with health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(3):597\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-012-0188-5.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"}],"container-title":["Pulmonary Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:31:15Z","timestamp":1773667875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41030-025-00328-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-1754","2364-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-1754","type":"print"},{"value":"2364-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Chetana Pendkar and Amarpreet K. Ahluwalia have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}