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We examined whether the effects of a supervised exercise program on HRV parameters differed according to OSA severity in obese adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Obese (BMI\u2009&gt;\u200933\u00a0kg*m\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20092<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) adults were evaluated for OSA using overnight polysomnography and subsequently classified as exhibiting no\/mild OSA (AHI\u2009&lt;\u200915 events*hour\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) or moderate\/severe OSA (AHI\u2009&gt;\u200915 events*hour\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and short-term heart rate variability (HRV) in frequency (VLF, LF, HF, LF\/HF) and time (RMSSD, SDNN) domains were measured at baseline (Pre) and following a six-week (3 days\/week) comprehensive exercise program (Post).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-seven adults (Age: 49\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20099 years; W:14; M:13) with no\/mild OSA and 29 adults (Age: 52\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20099 years; W:15; M:14) with moderate\/severe OSA completed all aspects of the trial. No significant differences in age, cardiorespiratory fitness, or HRV parameters were observed between groups at baseline. Across the sample, exercise training improved fitness (Pre: 30.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4 vs. Post: 32.4\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6\u00a0ml\/kg\/min,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), VLF% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11), and HF% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.11). An interaction of OSA severity and exercise training was observed for SDNN (interaction\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12), such that the no\/mild OSA increased HRV, whereas the moderate to severe OSA decreased HRV.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that while six weeks of exercise led to parasympathetic improvement across the sample, it was insufficient to improve sympathetic HRV signal among overweight adults with moderate to severe OSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-026-00666-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1783339338000},"page":"493-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of a six-week exercise program on heart rate variability in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Devon A.","family":"Dobrosielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla A.","family":"Kubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunjeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Papandreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susheel","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0040","volume":"132","author":"SP Patil","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. 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SI declares that he has no conflict of interest. KK declares that she has no conflict of interest. HP declares that she has no conflict of interest. CP declares that he has no conflict of interest. SP declares that he has no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Towson University (Approval number: 16-A095).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}