{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T21:03:05Z","timestamp":1775854985529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T11:53:33Z","timestamp":1618574013000},"page":"411-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["State-Level Variations and Factors Associated with Adult Vaccination Coverage: A Multilevel Modeling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Garbinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosmina","family":"Hogea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6611a1","volume":"66","author":"WW Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams WW, Lu PJ, O\u2019Halloran A, Kim DK, Grohskopf LA, Pilishvili T, et al. Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations\u2014United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(11):1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6611a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"issue":"1","key":"262_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.008","volume":"50","author":"AC O'Halloran","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Halloran AC, Lu PJ, Williams WW, Bridges CB, Singleton JA. Influenza vaccination coverage among people with high-risk conditions in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(1):e15\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.008.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"262_CR3","unstructured":"Healthy People 2020. Objectives - Increase the percentage of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 and older who are vaccinated annually against seasonal influenza [database on the Internet]. https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topics-objectives\/topic\/immunization-and-infectious-diseases\/objectives. Accessed 21 Feb 2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"262_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"63","author":"F Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu F, Mawokomatanda T, Flegel D, Pierannunzi C, Garvin W, Chowdhury P, et al. Surveillance for certain health behaviors among states and selected local areas\u2013behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014;63(9):1\u2013149.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"issue":"2","key":"262_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1403697","volume":"14","author":"EM La","year":"2018","unstructured":"La EM, Trantham L, Kurosky SK, Odom D, Aris E, Hogea C. An analysis of factors associated with influenza, pneumoccocal, tdap, and herpes zoster vaccine uptake in the US adult population and corresponding inter-state variability. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(2):430\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2017.1403697.","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"issue":"12","key":"262_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1086\/519541%JClinicalInfectiousDiseases","volume":"44","author":"Infectious Diseases Society of America","year":"2007","unstructured":"Infectious Diseases Society of America. Actions to strengthen adult and adolescent immunization coverage in the United States: policy principles of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(12):e104\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/519541%JClinicalInfectiousDiseases.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"262_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization Strategies for Healthcare Practices and Providers. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/pinkbook\/strat.html. Accessed 26 Nov 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"262_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/phh.0000000000000069","volume":"21","author":"H Groom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Groom H, Hopkins DP, Pabst LJ, Murphy Morgan J, Patel M, Calonge N, et al. Immunization information systems to increase vaccination rates: a community guide systematic review. J Public Health Manag Pract JPHMP. 2015;21(3):227\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/phh.0000000000000069.","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract JPHMP"},{"issue":"5","key":"262_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.013","volume":"40","author":"E Olshen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olshen E, Mahon BE, Wang S, Woods ER. The impact of state policies on vaccine coverage by age 13 in an insured population. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40(5):405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.013.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"262_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-015-0394-3","volume":"36","author":"JM McLaughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLaughlin JM, McGinnis JJ, Tan L, Mercatante A, Fortuna J. Estimated human and economic burden of four major adult vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States, 2013. J Prim Prev. 2015;36(4):259\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-015-0394-3.","journal-title":"J Prim Prev."},{"issue":"11","key":"262_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0462","volume":"35","author":"S Ozawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ozawa S, Portnoy A, Getaneh H, Clark S, Knoll M, Bishai D, et al. Modeling The economic burden of adult vaccine-preventable diseases in The United States. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(11):2124\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0462.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)."},{"issue":"5","key":"262_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6605e2","volume":"66","author":"DK Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older\u2014United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(5):136\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6605e2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"262_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.08.2368","volume":"20","author":"S Kurosky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurosky S, Trantham L, La EM, Aris E, Hogea CS. inter-state variability of adult vaccination coverage in the United States: can we explain it? Value in Health. 2017;20(9):A799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2017.08.2368.","journal-title":"Value in Health."},{"issue":"RR1","key":"262_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6701a1","volume":"67","author":"S Schillie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67(RR1):1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr6701a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"issue":"SS-11","key":"262_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6611a1","volume":"66","author":"WW Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams WW, Lu P-J, O\u2019Halloran A, Kim DK, Grohskopf LA, Pilishvili T, et al. Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations\u2014United States, 2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(SS-11):1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6611a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"262_CR16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System - Annual Survey Data. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss\/annual_data\/annual_data.htm. Accessed 14 Feb 2020."},{"issue":"30","key":"262_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6430a3","volume":"64","author":"LA Grohskopf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR, Karron RA. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, United States, 2015\u201316 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(30):818\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6430a3.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"37","key":"262_CR18","first-page":"822","volume":"63","author":"S Tomczyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, Gierke R, Moore MR, Whitney CG, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged \u2265 65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(37):822\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"25","key":"262_CR19","first-page":"468","volume":"61","author":"Updated Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Updated Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid. Reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older\u2014advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(25):468\u201370.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"33","key":"262_CR20","first-page":"729","volume":"63","author":"CM Hales","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hales CM, Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez I, Bialek SR. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update on recommendations for use of herpes zoster vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(33):729\u201331.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"262_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153778","volume":"11","author":"J Merlo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merlo J, Wagner P, Ghith N, Leckie G. An original stepwise multilevel logistic regression analysis of discriminatory accuracy: the case of neighbourhoods and health. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0153778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0153778.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"262_CR22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Weighting the BRFSS Data. 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/brfss\/annual_data\/2017\/pdf\/weighting-2017-508.pdf. Accessed 26 Nov 2020."},{"issue":"5","key":"262_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp440","volume":"171","author":"GS Bieler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bieler GS, Brown GG, Williams RL, Brogan DJ. Estimating model-adjusted risks, risk differences, and risk ratios from complex survey data. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(5):618\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwp440.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"262_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.007","volume":"57","author":"PJ Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu PJ, Hung MC, O\u2019Halloran AC, Ding H, Srivastav A, Williams WW, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccination coverage trends among adult populations, U.S., 2010\u20132016. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(4):458\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.007.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"262_CR25","unstructured":"Berchick ER, Barnett JC, Upton RD. Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2018. 2019. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2019\/demo\/p60-267.pdf. Accessed 28 Feb 2020."},{"key":"262_CR26","unstructured":"Office of the Legislative Counsel, 111th Congress, 2nd Session Print 111\u20131. Compilation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. 2010. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ppacacon.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2020."},{"issue":"9","key":"262_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1582402","volume":"15","author":"M McNamara","year":"2019","unstructured":"McNamara M, Buck PO, Yan S, Friedland LR, Lerch K, Murphy A, et al. Is patient insurance type related to physician recommendation, administration and referral for adult vaccination? A survey of US physicians. Hum Vacc Immunother. 2019;15(9):2217\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2019.1582402.","journal-title":"Hum Vacc Immunother."},{"issue":"37","key":"262_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.027","volume":"36","author":"SC Westrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Westrick SC, Patterson BJ, Kader MS, Rashid S, Buck PO, Rothholz MC. National survey of pharmacy-based immunization services. Vaccine. 2018;36(37):5657\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.027.","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"issue":"5","key":"262_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1542","volume":"11","author":"JA Goad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goad JA, Taitel MS, Fensterheim LE, Cannon AE. Vaccinations administered during off-clinic hours at a national community pharmacy: implications for increasing patient access and convenience. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(5):429\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.1542.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"262_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.07.004","volume":"39","author":"EM Drozd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drozd EM, Miller L, Johnsrud M. Impact of pharmacist immunization authority on seasonal influenza immunization rates across states. Clin Ther. 2017;39(8):1563-580e17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.07.004.","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"issue":"24","key":"262_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.24.3145","volume":"284","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feikin DR, Lezotte DC, Hamman RF, Salmon DA, Chen RT, Hoffman RE. Individual and community risks of measles and pertussis associated with personal exemptions to immunization. JAMA. 2000;284(24):3145\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.284.24.3145.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"262_CR32","unstructured":"Personal Belief Exemptions for Vaccination Put People at Risk. Examine the Evidence for Yourself. [database on the Internet]2019. https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/catg.d\/p2069.pdf. Accessed 25 Feb 2020."},{"issue":"6","key":"262_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002578","volume":"15","author":"JK Olive","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olive JK, Hotez PJ, Damania A, Nolan MS. The state of the antivaccine movement in the United States: A focused examination of nonmedical exemptions in states and counties. PLoS Med. 2018;15(6):e1002578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002578.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"262_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn263","volume":"168","author":"SB Omer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Omer SB, Enger KS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA, Stokley S, Salmon DA. Geographic clustering of nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements and associations with geographic clustering of pertussis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(12):1389\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwn263.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"40","key":"262_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6640a3","volume":"66","author":"R Seither","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seither R, Calhoun K, Street EJ, Mellerson J, Knighton CL, Tippins A, et al. Vaccination coverage for selected vaccines, exemption rates, and provisional enrollment among children in kindergarten\u2014United States, 2016\u201317 School Year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(40):1073\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6640a3.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"issue":"27","key":"262_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7101","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700240114","volume":"114","author":"C Aloe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aloe C, Kulldorff M, Bloom BR. Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114(27):7101\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1700240114.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"2","key":"262_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1562344","volume":"18","author":"RA Bednarczyk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bednarczyk RA, King AR, Lahijani A, Omer SB. Current landscape of nonmedical vaccination exemptions in the United States: impact of policy changes. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(2):175\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2019.1562344.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines."},{"key":"262_CR38","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Percentage of adults aged \u2265 19 years participating in an immunization information system -- United States, five cities, and D.C., 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/programs\/iis\/annual-report-iisar\/downloads\/2018-data-adult-map-508.pdf. Accessed 14 Aug 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"262_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2017.0049","volume":"21","author":"BM Bluml","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bluml BM, Brock KA, Hamstra S, Tonrey L. Evaluation of the Impact of an Innovative Immunization Practice Model Designed to Improve Population Health: Results of the Project IMPACT Immunizations Pilot. Popul Health Manag. 2018;21(1):55\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pop.2017.0049.","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag."},{"key":"262_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100893","volume":"15","author":"LP Hurley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hurley LP, Beaty B, Lockhart S, Gurfinkel D, Dickinson LM, Roth H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of centralized vaccine reminder\/recall to improve adult vaccination rates in an accountable care organization setting. Prev Med Rep. 2019;15:100893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2019.100893.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"262_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2019.25.9.989","volume":"25","author":"S Stolpe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stolpe S, Choudhry NK. Effect of automated immunization registry-based telephonic interventions on adult vaccination rates in community pharmacies: a randomized controlled trial. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019;25(9):989\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18553\/jmcp.2019.25.9.989.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm."},{"issue":"1","key":"262_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-49","volume":"13","author":"C Pierannunzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pierannunzi C, Hu SS, Balluz L. A systematic review of publications assessing reliability and validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2004\u20132011. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-13-49.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"262_CR43","unstructured":"Kaiser Family Foundation State Health Facts. About state health facts. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/about-state-health-facts\/.%20. Accessed 3 Jan 2019."},{"key":"262_CR44","unstructured":"Immunization Action Coalition. Exemptions Permitted for State Immunization Requirements. 2018. https:\/\/www.immunize.org\/laws\/exemptions.asp. Accessed 3 Jan 2019."},{"key":"262_CR45","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. IISAR Data Participation Rates and Maps. National Child, Adolescent, and Adult Tables and Maps. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/programs\/iis\/annual-report-iisar\/rates-maps-table.html. Accessed 14 Aug 2019."},{"key":"262_CR46","unstructured":"American Pharmacists Association. Pharmacist Administered Vaccines. https:\/\/www.pharmacist.com\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/Slides%20on%20Pharmacist%20IZ%20Authority_July_2016%20v2mcr.pdf?dfptag=imz. Accessed 26 July 2019."},{"key":"262_CR47","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Office of Financial Resources. Grant Funding Profiles. 2019. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/fundingprofiles\/. Accessed 14 Aug 2019."}],"container-title":["PharmacoEconomics - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T17:21:30Z","timestamp":1628011290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41669-021-00262-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-4262","2509-4254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-4262","type":"print"},{"value":"2509-4254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA funded this study (GSK study identifier: HO-18-19794) and was involved in all stages of study conduct, including data analysis. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA also covered all costs associated with the development and publication of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"EL, SP, and CH are employed by and hold shares in the GSK group of companies. DG and SH are employees of RTI Health Solutions, which was contracted by the GSK group of companies to design and implement the present study. The authors declare no other financial and nonfinancial relationships and activities.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this study did not include human subjects.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this study did not include human subjects.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable as this study did not include human subjects.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The datasets generated and\/or analyzed during the current study were derived from a public dataset, namely the BRFSS (available at ) and others listed in ESM 2.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"DG, SH, EL, SP, and CH contributed to the conception and design of the study and manuscript. DG, SH, and CH contributed to the data acquisition. DG, SH, and EL participated in the data analysis, and all authors participated in data interpretation. All authors revised the article critically for important intellectual content and provided final approval of the submitted version.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author contributions"}}]}}