{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:30:28Z","timestamp":1792114228520,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PharmacoEconomics Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T22:02:11Z","timestamp":1704319331000},"page":"333-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Understanding the Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis D: Proposal of a Model for Cost-Effectiveness Studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ankita","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Dusheiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Kinyik-Merena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Di Tanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i24.3530","volume":"27","author":"GA Niro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niro GA, Ferro A, Cicerchia F, et al. Hepatitis delta virus: from infection to new therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(24):3530\u201342.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.008","volume":"53","author":"GA Niro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niro GA, Smedile A, Ippolito AM, et al. Outcome of chronic delta hepatitis in Italy: a long-term cohort study. J Hepatol. 2010;53(5):834\u201340.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","volume":"73","author":"AJ Stockdale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(3):523\u201332.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316601","volume":"68","author":"H-Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen H-Y, Shen D-T, Ji D-Z, et al. Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2019;68(3):512.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060648","volume":"12","author":"JM Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor JM. Infection by Hepatitis Delta Virus. Viruses. 2020;12(6):648.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"466_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633","volume":"221","author":"Z Miao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(10):1677\u201387.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-1168-9","volume":"20","author":"JH Bockmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bockmann JH, Grube M, Hamed V, et al. High rates of cirrhosis and severe clinical events in patients with HBV\/HDV co-infection: longitudinal analysis of a German cohort. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):24.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"466_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000282076","volume":"28","author":"J Grabowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grabowski J, Wedemeyer H. Hepatitis delta: immunopathogenesis and clinical challenges. Dig Dis. 2010;28(1):133\u20138.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"466_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis D 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-d. Accessed 19 Aug 2021."},{"issue":"11","key":"466_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021550","volume":"4","author":"F Negro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negro F. Hepatitis D virus coinfection and superinfection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4(11): a021550.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.030","volume":"73","author":"D Alfaiate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alfaiate D, Cl\u00e9ment S, Gomes D, et al. Chronic hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Hepatol. 2020;73(3):533\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"466_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","volume":"67","author":"P Lampertico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lampertico P, Agarwal K, Berg T, Buti M, Janssen HLA, Papatheodoridis G, Zoulim F, Tacke F. EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):370\u201398.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03521-13","volume":"52","author":"S Brichler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brichler S, Le Gal F, Neri-Pinto F, et al. Serological and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis delta virus infection: results of a French national quality control study. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(5):1694\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"466_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076646","volume":"55","author":"MP Manns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M. Treating viral hepatitis C: efficacy, side effects, and complications. Gut. 2006;55(9):1350\u20139.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.21","volume":"8","author":"MS Sulkowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sulkowski MS, Cooper C, Hunyady B, et al. Management of adverse effects of Peg-IFN and ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(4):212\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"466_CR16","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to assess efficacy and safety of bulevirtide in participantts with chronic hepatitis delta (CHD). Identifier NCT03852719 [cited 7 Sep 2022]. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03852719"},{"key":"466_CR17","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Titrating-dose of lonafarnib in combination with ritonavir (LOWR 4). Identifier NCT02527707 [cited 7 Sep 2022]. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02527707?term=LOWR4&draw=2&rank=1"},{"key":"466_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wedemeyer H, Aleman S, Brunetto M, et al., editors. Efficacy and safety of bulevirtide monotherapy given at 2 mg or 10 mg dose level once daily for treatment of chronic hepatitis delta: Week 48 primary endpoint results from a phase 3 randomized, multicenter, parallel design study. European Association for the Study of the Liver; 22\u201326 June 2022; London.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1760042"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2019.1629291","volume":"20","author":"S Gordon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gordon S, Lee J, Smith N, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral regimens for treatment of chronic Hepatitis C in the United States. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2020;20(3):251\u20137.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.05.007","volume":"18","author":"SL Bermingham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bermingham SL, Hughes R, Fenu E, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative antiviral strategies for the treatment of HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic Hepatitis B in the United Kingdom. Value Health. 2015;18(6):800\u20139.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.12.022","volume":"70","author":"C Yurdaydin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yurdaydin C, Abbas Z, Buti M, et al. Treating chronic hepatitis delta: the need for surrogate markers of treatment efficacy. J Hepatol. 2019;70(5):1008\u201315.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"466_CR22","unstructured":"US FDA. Chronic Hepatitis D Virus Infection - FDA 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/132137\/download. Accessed 19 Aug 2021."},{"key":"466_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cornberg M, Lok AS-F, Terrault NA, et al. Guidance for Design and Endpoints of Clinical Trials in Chronic Hepatitis B\u2014Report From the 2019 EASL-AASLD HBV Treatment Endpoints Conference. Hepatology. 2020;71(3):1070-1092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31030.","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31030"},{"issue":"7","key":"466_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.017","volume":"126","author":"P Farci","year":"2004","unstructured":"Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(7):1740\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"466_CR25","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics: LIfe Tables 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/life_tables.htm. Accessed 19 Aug 2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.052","volume":"136","author":"R Romeo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Romeo R, Del Ninno E, Rumi M, et al. A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis Delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):1629\u201338.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30308-X","volume":"4","author":"K Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou K, Contag C, Whitaker E, et al. Spontaneous loss of surface antigen among adults living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and pooled meta-analyses. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(3):227\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"466_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000642","author":"RG Gish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gish RG, Wong RJ, Di Tanna GL, et al. Association between hepatitis delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000642. (Epub 23 Oct 2023).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9865","key":"466_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61425-1","volume":"381","author":"P Marcellin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, et al. Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study. Lancet. 2013;381(9865):468\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31214","volume":"72","author":"H Kamal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamal H, Westman G, Falconer K, et al. Long-term study of hepatitis delta virus infection at secondary care centers: the impact of viremia on liver-related outcomes. Hepatology. 2020;72(4):1177\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31214.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32082","volume":"74","author":"AS Lok","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lok AS, Negro F, Asselah T, et al. Endpoints and new options for treatment of chronic hepatitis D. Hepatology. 2021;74(6):3479\u201385.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"466_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00957.x","volume":"15","author":"GV Papatheodoridis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Papatheodoridis GV, Chrysanthos N, Hadziyannis E, et al. Longitudinal changes in serum HBV DNA levels and predictors of progression during the natural course of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15(6):434\u201341.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goz023","volume":"7","author":"BL Da","year":"2019","unstructured":"Da BL, Heller T, Koh C. Hepatitis D infection: from initial discovery to current investigational therapies. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2019;7(4):231\u201345.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)."},{"issue":"3","key":"466_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.3.420","volume":"46","author":"G Fattovich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut. 2000;46(3):420\u20136.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"466_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1993.tb01543.x","volume":"8","author":"I Tamura","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tamura I, Kurimura O, Koda T, et al. Risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in subjects with hepatitis B and delta virus infection: a study from Kure, Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1993;8(5):433\u20136.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"466_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.08.005","volume":"11","author":"CJ Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen CJ, Iloeje UH, Yang HI. Long-term outcomes in hepatitis B: the REVEAL-HBV study. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11(4):797\u2013816 (viii).","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"466_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00777.x","volume":"13","author":"H Dakin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dakin H, Fidler C, Harper C. Mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis evaluating the relative efficacy of nucleos(t)ides for treatment of nucleos(t)ide-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Value Health. 2010;13(8):934\u201345.","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"466_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00139-9","volume":"39","author":"G Fattovich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fattovich G. Natural history of hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003;39(Suppl 1):S50\u20138.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"24","key":"466_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.24.2088","volume":"280","author":"JB Wong","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wong JB, Bennett WG, Koff RS, et al. Pretreatment evaluation of chronic hepatitis C: risks, benefits, and costs. JAMA. 1998;280(24):2088\u201393.","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["PharmacoEconomics - Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T13:09:30Z","timestamp":1708607370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41669-023-00466-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2509-4262","2509-4254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2509-4262","type":"print"},{"value":"2509-4254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was supported by Gilead Sciences.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Ankita Kaushik and Chong Kim are employees and stockholders of Gilead. Robert J. Wong has received consulting fees for Gilead Sciences, and research grants (in kind) from Gilead Sciences. George Dusheiko has received consulting fees and speaker fees from Gilead Sciences; has participated on the Data Safety Monitoring Board\/Advisory Board for Janssen, Glaxo Smith Kline, Arbutus, Aligos, Vir; and has roles in the National Medical Research Council Singapore and the World Health Organization Pediatric Working Group on Viral Hepatitis. A honorary fee has been paid from Gilead to The George Institute for methodological support provided by Gian Luca di Tanna. Nathaniel J. Smith and Csilla Kinyik-Merena have no financial disclosures to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"The data generated to inform the economic model are not publicly available but may be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data Availability"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors participated in the conceptualization, methodology and validation of the model. NJS and CKM participated in the data analysis. AK and CK participated in the investigation and data curation. NJS and CKM developed the model manuscript. All authors participated in the reviewing and editing of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript submitted for publication.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author Contributions"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":9,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}