{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1783799958469,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002642","name":"Korea University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K2021131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2021131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Geriatr Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:03:14Z","timestamp":1646121794000},"page":"959-966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical and mental health in older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Seungmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhosedyn Carolaym","family":"Salazar Fajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunyoung","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rockhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7564-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"BumChul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"626_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","volume":"156","author":"RD Treede","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R et al (2015) A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain 156(6):1003\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"626_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","volume":"10","author":"H Breivik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D (2006) Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 10(4):287\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"626_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00547.x","volume":"12","author":"AS Patel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel AS, Farquharson R, Carroll D, Moore A, Phillips CJ, Taylor RS et al (2012) The impact and burden of chronic pain in the workplace: a qualitative systematic review. Pain Pract 12(7):578\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00547.x","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"626_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.545813","volume":"27","author":"KJ Reid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reid KJ, Harker J, Bala MM, Truyers C, Kellen E, Bekkering GE et al (2011) Epidemiology of chronic non-cancer pain in Europe: narrative review of prevalence, pain treatments and pain impact. Curr Med Res Opin 27(2):449\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1185\/03007995.2010.545813","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"10","key":"626_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.05.005","volume":"9","author":"A Tsang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsang A, Von Korff M, Lee S, Alonso J, Karam E, Angermeyer MC et al (2008) Common chronic pain conditions in developed and developing countries: gender and age differences and comorbidity with depression-anxiety disorders. J Pain 9(10):883\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.05.005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03266-6","volume":"70","author":"L Gagliese","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gagliese L, Melzack R (1997) Chronic pain in elderly people. Pain 70(1):3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03266-6","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"626_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.03.003","volume":"12","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Wu J, Bair MJ, Krebs EE, Damush TM, Tu W (2011) Reciprocal relationship between pain and depression: a 12-month longitudinal analysis in primary care. J Pain 12(9):964\u2013973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.03.003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2s","key":"626_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.s92","volume":"20","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manchikanti L, Kaye AM, Knezevic NN, McAnally H, Slavin K, Trescot AM et al (2017) Responsible, safe, and effective prescription of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: American society of interventional pain physicians (ASIPP) guidelines. Pain Phys 20(2s):S3-s92","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-002-0019-4","volume":"6","author":"KG Rasmussen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rasmussen KG, Rummans TA (2002) Electroconvulsive therapy in the management of chronic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep 6(1):17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-002-0019-4","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"626_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0528-6","volume":"19","author":"K Chakravarthy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chakravarthy K, Chaudhry H, Williams K, Christo PJ (2015) Review of the uses of vagal nerve stimulation in chronic pain management. Curr Pain Headache Rep 19(12):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0528-6","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"626_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.04.005","volume":"22","author":"SG Boccard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boccard SG, Pereira EA, Aziz TZ (2015) Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain. J Clin Neurosci 22(10):1537\u20131543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.04.005","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"626_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.11.010","volume":"96","author":"R Galhardoni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galhardoni R, Correia GS, Araujo H, Yeng LT, Fernandes DT, Kaziyama HH et al (2015) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic pain: a review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(4):S156\u2013S172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.11.010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"626_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.02.004","volume":"2","author":"A Priori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Priori A, Hallett M, Rothwell JC (2009) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation? Brain Stimul 2(4):241\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2009.02.004","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"3","key":"626_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-140473","volume":"33","author":"J Elmasry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elmasry J, Loo C, Martin D (2015) A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training. Restor Neurol Neurosci 33(3):263\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-140473","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"626_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.945","volume":"26","author":"LAC Grecco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grecco LAC, Mendonca ME, Duarte NA, Zanon N, Fregni F, Oliveira CS (2014) Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with treadmill gait training in delayed neuro-psychomotor development. J Phys Ther Sci 26(6):945\u2013950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.26.945","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"626_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1891464","author":"T Prathum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prathum T, Piriyaprasarth P, Aneksan B, Hiengkaew V, Pankhaew T, Vachalathiti R et al (2021) Effects of home-based dual-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercise on upper and lower limb motor performance in patients with chronic stroke. Disabil Rehabil. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2021.1891464","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"626_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.023","volume":"122","author":"F Fregni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fregni F, Boggio PS, Lima MC, Ferreira MJ, Wagner T, Rigonatti SP et al (2006) A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury. Pain 122(1\u20132):197\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"626_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195739020-00013","volume":"39","author":"JRNI Ardan","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ardan JRNI, Janes JM, Herrick J (1957) Ultrasonic energy and surgically produced defects in bone. J Bone Jt Surg 39(2):394\u2013402","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"626_CR19","first-page":"1110","volume":"32","author":"PS Tepperman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tepperman PS, Devlin M (1986) The therapeutic use of local heat and cold. Can Fam Phys 32:1110","journal-title":"Can Fam Phys"},{"key":"626_CR20","volume-title":"Electrotherapy E-book: evidence-based practice","author":"T Watson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watson T (2008) Electrotherapy E-book: evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia"},{"issue":"6","key":"626_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016","volume":"41","author":"MJ Hjermstad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hjermstad MJ, Fayers PM, Haugen DF, Caraceni A, Hanks GW, Loge JH et al (2011) Studies comparing numerical rating scales, verbal rating scales, and visual analogue scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. J Pain Symptom Manag 41(6):1073\u20131093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4069\/kjwhn.2010.16.1.47","volume":"16","author":"M-A Choe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choe M-A, Kim J, Jeon M-y, Chae Y-R (2010) Evaluation of the Korean version of physical activity scale for the elderly (K-PASE). Korean J Women Health Nurs 16(1):47\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4069\/kjwhn.2010.16.1.47","journal-title":"Korean J Women Health Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"626_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","volume":"46","author":"RA Washburn","year":"1993","unstructured":"Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA (1993) The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 46(2):153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(93)90053-4","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"626_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.203.189","volume":"203","author":"C-W Han","year":"2004","unstructured":"Han C-W, Lee E-J, Iwaya T, Kataoka H, Kohzuki M (2004) Development of the Korean version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey: health related QOL of healthy elderly people and elderly patients in Korea. Tohoku J Exp Med 203(3):189\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.203.189","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"626_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD (1996) A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med care. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","journal-title":"Med care"},{"issue":"2","key":"626_CR26","first-page":"201","volume":"14","author":"H Sung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sung H, Kim J, Park Y, Bai D, Lee S, Ahn H (2008) A study on the reliability and the validity of Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). J Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry 14(2):201\u2013212","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry"},{"key":"626_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02934","volume":"10","author":"K Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park K, Jaekal E, Yoon S, Lee S-H, Choi K-H (2020) Diagnostic utility and psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory-II among Korean adults. Front Psychol 10:2934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02934","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.022","volume":"47","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boggio PS, Zaghi S, Fregni F (2009) Modulation of emotions associated with images of human pain using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychologia 47(1):212\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00185-w","volume":"7","author":"AF Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silva AF, Zortea M, Carvalho S, Leite J, da Silva Torres IL, Fregni F et al (2017) Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates attention and pain in fibromyalgia: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 7(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-00185-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"626_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2020.1816168","volume":"17","author":"K Pacheco-Barrios","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pacheco-Barrios K, Cardenas-Rojas A, Thibaut A, Costa B, Ferreira I, Caumo W et al (2020) Methods and strategies of tDCS for the treatment of pain: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Med Devices 17(9):879\u2013898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17434440.2020.1816168","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"9","key":"626_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.008","volume":"18","author":"DA Seminowicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seminowicz DA, Moayedi M (2017) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain. J Pain 18(9):1027\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.03.008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"626_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.013","volume":"21","author":"AP Brietzke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brietzke AP, Zortea M, Carvalho F, Sanches PR, Danton P Jr, da Silva Torres IL et al (2020) Large treatment effect with extended home-based transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in fibromyalgia: a proof of concept sham-randomized clinical study. J Pain 21(1\u20132):212\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"626_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026666403039","volume":"10","author":"ME Geisser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geisser ME, Haig AJ, Theisen ME (2000) Activity avoidance and function in persons with chronic back pain. J Occup Rehabil 10(3):215\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026666403039","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"626_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.021","volume":"150","author":"IP Huijnen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huijnen IP, Verbunt JA, Peters ML, Delespaul P, Kindermans HP, Roelofs J et al (2010) Do depression and pain intensity interfere with physical activity in daily life in patients with Chronic Low Back Pain? Pain 150(1):161\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"626_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105313504234","volume":"20","author":"JL Steiner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steiner JL, Bigatti SM, Ang DC (2015) Trajectory of change in pain, depression, and physical functioning after physical activity adoption in fibromyalgia. J Health Psychol 20(7):931\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105313504234","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"626_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.08.011","volume":"11","author":"F Mori","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mori F, Codec\u00e0 C, Kusayanagi H, Monteleone F, Buttari F, Fiore S et al (2010) Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on chronic neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Pain 11(5):436\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.08.011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"626_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa110","volume":"76","author":"AC Krendl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krendl AC, Perry BL (2020) The impact of sheltering in place during the COVID-19 pandemic on older adults\u2019 social and mental well-being. J Gerontol Ser B 76(2):e53\u2013e58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa110","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"626_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.593903","author":"FR Scartoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scartoni FR, Sant\u2019Ana LdO, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Yamamoto T, Imperatori C, Budde H et al (2020) Physical exercise and immune system in the elderly: implications and importance in COVID-19 pandemic period. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.593903","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["European Geriatric Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T11:43:37Z","timestamp":1744199017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-022-00626-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board of Korea University (KUIRB-2020-0087-01) and it was conducted in compliance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was performed at the Korea University of Seoul, Korea.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Participants agreed to participate by signing an informed consent after they received a general explanation of the purpose and processes of the study, and they were briefed on any possible discomfort they would possibly experience during the intervention. They were allowed to leave the study at any time without negative repercussions.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}