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The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) was used to evaluate the higher-level functional status. A TMIG-IC score of \u2264\u20099, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) \u2264\u20094, intellectual activity or social role \u2264\u20093 were defined as decline in higher-level functional status. The comorbidities investigated included peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, cognitive impairment, depression, frailty, sarcopenia, low muscle strength, stroke, heart disease, and arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The analysis included 198 patients (mean age 75.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7\u00a0years, male 60.1%). After adjusting for potential confounders, depression was associated with TMIG-IC (Prevalence ratio (PR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44\u20133.82), low muscle strength was associated with IADL (PR 2.85, 95% CI 1.30\u20136.27), and frailty was associated with intellectual activity (PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.74). In the model with social networks added as a confounder, the relationship between depression or low muscle strength and higher-level functional status was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Comorbidities of depression and low muscle strength for older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus increase the risk of malfunctioning of higher-level functional status. Increased interactions with family, friends and neighbours may reduce this event.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-00937-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1707562930000},"page":"1101-1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between comorbidities associated with diabetes and higher-level functional status in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuro","family":"Shoji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Kogure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagisa","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Hakoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisayuki","family":"Katsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidekatsu","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korin","family":"Tateoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taishi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"937_CR1","unstructured":"(1984) The uses of epidemiology in the study of the elderly. 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