{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:25:13Z","timestamp":1781702713726,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Geriatr Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Incident delirium is a frequent complication among hospitalized older people with COVID-19, associated with increased length of hospital stay, higher morbidity and mortality rates. Although delirium is preventable with early detection, systematic assessment methods and predictive models are not universally defined, thus delirium is often underrated. In this study, we tested the role of the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), a prognostic tool based on Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, to predict the risk of incident delirium.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hospitalized older patients (\u2265\u200965\u00a0years) with COVID-19 infection were enrolled (n\u2009=\u2009502) from ten centers across Europe. At hospital admission, the MPI was administered to all the patients and two already validated delirium prediction models were computed (AWOL delirium risk-stratification score and Martinez model). Delirium occurrence during hospitalization was ascertained using the 4A\u2019s Test (4AT). Accuracy of the MPI and the other delirium predictive models was assessed through logistic regression models and the area under the curve (AUC).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed 293 patients without delirium at hospital admission. Of them 33 (11.3%) developed delirium during hospitalization. Higher MPI score at admission (higher multidimensional frailty) was associated with higher risk of incident delirium also adjusting for the other delirium predictive models and COVID-19 severity (OR\u2009=\u200912.72, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.11\u201376.86 for MPI-2 vs MPI-1, and OR\u2009=\u200933.44, 95% CI\u2009=\u20094.55\u2013146.61 for MPI-3 vs MPI-1). The MPI showed good accuracy in predicting incident delirium (AUC\u2009=\u20090.71) also superior to AWOL tool, (AUC\u2009=\u20090.63) and Martinez model (AUC\u2009=\u20090.61) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 for both comparisons).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The MPI is a sensitive tool for early identification of older patients with incident delirium.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T13:01:46Z","timestamp":1718456506000},"page":"961-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Multidimensional Prognostic Index predicts incident delirium among hospitalized older patients with COVID-19: a multicenter prospective European study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6214-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanda","family":"Morganti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1549-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Custodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Topinkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Michalkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Cristina","family":"Polidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Cruz\u2010Jentoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A. F.","family":"von Arnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Azzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Gruner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cenderello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Custureri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5342-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Seminerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Zieschang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Sanchez\u2010Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8615-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the MPI-COVID-19 Study Group Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Barbagelata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima Madlen","family":"Diesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilia","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Gandolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Garaboldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Musacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pilotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Pickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Podest\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ruotolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katiuscia","family":"Sciole\u0300","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Schlotmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"987_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Internet]. Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association; [citato 13 dicembre 2023]. Disponibile su: https:\/\/psychiatryonline.org\/doi\/book\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000017177","volume":"10","author":"SK Inouye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Inouye SK (1999) Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized older patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10(5):393\u2013400","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"987_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl005","volume":"35","author":"N Siddiqi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD (2006) Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing 35(4):350\u2013364","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"10","key":"987_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49260.x","volume":"49","author":"J McCusker","year":"2001","unstructured":"McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE, Ramman-Haddad L (2001) Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 49(10):1327\u20131334","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"987_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039175","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039175","volume":"10","author":"LOJ Silva e","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silva e LOJ, Berning MJ, Stanich JA, Gerberi DJ, Han J, Bellolio F (2020) Risk factors for delirium among older adults in the emergency department a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 10(7):e039175","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001599","volume":"2","author":"JA Martinez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez JA, Belastegui A, Basabe I, Goicoechea X, Aguirre C, Lizeaga N et al (2012) Derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for delirium in patients admitted to a medical ward: an observational study. BMJ Open 2(5):e001599","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"987_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases7010014","volume":"7","author":"P P\u00e9rez-Ros","year":"2019","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ros P, Mart\u00ednez-Arnau FM (2019) Delirium assessment in older people in emergency departments a literature review. Diseases 7(1):14","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2011.01065.x","volume":"18","author":"JH Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han JH, Eden S, Shintani A, Morandi A, Schnelle J, Dittus RS et al (2011) Delirium in older emergency department patients is an independent predictor of hospital length of stay. Acad Emerg Med 18(5):451\u2013457","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"987_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.03.003","volume":"56","author":"JH Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Han JH, Shintani A, Eden S, Morandi A, Solberg LM, Schnelle J et al (2010) Delirium in the emergency department: an independent predictor of death within 6 months. Ann Emerg Med 56(3):244\u2013252.e1","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"987_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2010.03.005","volume":"28","author":"JH Han","year":"2010","unstructured":"Han JH, Wilson A, Ely EW (2010) Delirium in the older emergency department patient: a quiet epidemic. Emerg Med Clin North Am 28(3):611\u2013631","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"s2","key":"987_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03671.x","volume":"59","author":"DL Leslie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leslie DL, Inouye SK (2011) The importance of delirium economic and societal costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 59(s2):S241\u2013243","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"987_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.08.006","volume":"26","author":"G Bellelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bellelli G, Nobili A, Annoni G, Morandi A, Djade CD, Meagher DJ et al (2015) Under-detection of delirium and impact of neurocognitive deficits on in-hospital mortality among acute geriatric and medical wards. Eur J Internal Med 26(9):696\u2013704","journal-title":"Eur J Internal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"987_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019223","volume":"8","author":"H Lindroth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lindroth H, Bratzke L, Purvis S, Brown R, Coburn M, Mrkobrada M et al (2018) Systematic review of prediction models for delirium in the older adult inpatient. BMJ Open 8(4):e019223","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"987_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.2062","volume":"8","author":"VC Douglas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douglas VC, Hessler CS, Dhaliwal G, Betjemann JP, Fukuda KA, Alameddine LR et al (2013) The AWOL tool: derivation and validation of a delirium prediction rule. J Hosp Med 8(9):493\u2013499","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"987_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15503","volume":"66","author":"I Persico","year":"2018","unstructured":"Persico I, Cesari M, Morandi A, Haas J, Mazzola P, Zambon A et al (2018) Frailty and delirium in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 66(10):2022\u20132030","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"S1","key":"987_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15627","volume":"77","author":"L White","year":"2022","unstructured":"White L, Jackson T (2022) Delirium and COVID-19: a narrative review of emerging evidence. Anaesthesia 77(S1):49\u201358","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"987_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2007.0569","volume":"11","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pilotto A, Ferrucci L, Franceschi M, D\u2019Ambrosio LP, Scarcelli C, Cascavilla L et al (2008) Development and validation of a multidimensional prognostic index for one-year mortality from comprehensive geriatric assessment in hospitalized older patients. Rejuvenation Res 11(1):151\u2013161","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"987_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly239","volume":"74","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pilotto A, Veronese N, Daragjati J, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Polidori MC, Mattace-Raso F et al (2019) Using the multidimensional prognostic index to predict clinical outcomes of hospitalized older persons: a prospective, multicenter, international study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 74(10):1643\u20131649","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01516-0","volume":"32","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Daragjati J, Fratiglioni L, Maggi S, Mangoni AA, Mattace-Raso F et al (2020) Using the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) to improve cost-effectiveness of interventions in multimorbid frail older persons: results and final recommendations from the MPI_AGE European Project. Aging Clin Exp Res 32(5):861\u2013868","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"987_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20734-2","volume":"12","author":"C Musacchio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musacchio C, Custodero C, Razzano M, Raiteri R, Delrio A, Torriglia D et al (2022) Association between multidimensional prognostic index (MPI) and pre-operative delirium in older patients with hip fracture. Sci Rep 12(1):16920","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"987_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.06.023","volume":"23","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pilotto A, Topinkova E, Michalkova H, Polidori MC, Cella A, Cruz-Jentoft A et al (2022) Can the multidimensional prognostic index improve the identification of older hospitalized patients with COVID-19 likely to benefit from mechanical ventilation? an observational, prospective, multicenter study. J Am Med Dir 23(9):1608.e1\u20131608.e8","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir"},{"key":"987_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104327","volume":"94","author":"C Custodero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Custodero C, Gandolfo F, Cella A, Cammalleri LA, Custureri R, Dini S et al (2021) Multidimensional prognostic index (MPI) predicts non-invasive ventilation failure in older adults with acute respiratory failure. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 94:104327","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy058","volume":"47","author":"DWP Quispel-Aggenbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quispel-Aggenbach DWP, Holtman GA, Zwartjes HAHT, Zuidema SU, Luijendijk HJ (2018) Attention arousal and other rapid bedside screening instruments for delirium in older patients a systematic review of test accuracy studies. Age Ageing 47(5):644\u2013653","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"6","key":"987_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32833777ab","volume":"17","author":"I Schofield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schofield I, Stott DJ, Tolson D, McFadyen A, Monaghan J, Nelson D (2010) Screening for cognitive impairment in older people attending accident and emergency using the 4-item abbreviated mental test. Eur J Emerg Med 17(6):340\u2013342","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"987_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000380","volume":"24","author":"EK Van de Meeberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van de Meeberg EK, Festen S, Kwant M, Georg RR, Izaks GJ, Ter Maaten JC (2017) Improved detection of delirium, implementation and validation of the CAM-ICU in elderly emergency department patients. Eur J Emerg Med 24(6):411\u2013416","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"987_CR26","unstructured":"Mitchell G (2023) Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), London. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553009\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"987_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu021","volume":"43","author":"G Bellelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DHJ, Mazzola P, Turco R, Gentile S et al (2014) Validation of the 4AT a new instrument for rapid delirium screening a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing 43(4):496\u2013502","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"987_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv177","volume":"45","author":"ST Pendlebury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pendlebury ST, Lovett N, Smith SC, Cornish E, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM (2016) Delirium risk stratification in consecutive unselected admissions to acute medicine: validation of externally derived risk scores. Age Ageing 45(1):60\u201365","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"987_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060110016","volume":"40","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1983) Mini-mental state examination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(7):812","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"987_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/1.4.233","volume":"1","author":"HM Hodkinson","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hodkinson HM (1972) Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing 1(4):233\u2013238","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"987_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930070805","volume":"7","author":"C Hooijer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hooijer C, Dinkgreve M, Jonker C, Lindeboom J, Kay DWK (1992) Short screening tests for dementia in the elderly population I A comparison between AMTS MMSE MSQ and SPMSQ. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 7(8):559\u2013571","journal-title":"Int J Geriat Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"987_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133789","volume":"10","author":"SB Angleman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Angleman SB, Santoni G, Pilotto A, Fratiglioni L, Welmer AK (2015) Multidimensional prognostic index in association with future mortality and number of hospital days in a population-based sample of older adults: results of the EU funded MPIAGE project. PLoS ONE 10(7):e0133789","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"987_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","volume":"44","author":"ER DeLong","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL (1988) Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 44(3):837\u2013845","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"987_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-023-00906-7","volume":"15","author":"MB Zazzara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zazzara MB, Ornago AM, Cocchi C, Serafini E, Bellelli G, Onder G (2024) A pandemic of delirium: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of occurrence of delirium in older adults with COVID-19. Eur Geriatr Med 15(2):397\u2013406","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"987_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6024","volume":"38","author":"J Minnema","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minnema J, Tap L, Van Der Bol JM, Van Deudekom FJA, Faes MC, Jansen SWM et al (2023) Delirium in older patients with COVID-19: prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes across the first three waves of the pandemic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 38(11):e6024","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"987_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2327750","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.27750","volume":"6","author":"C Reppas-Rindlisbacher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reppas-Rindlisbacher C, Boblitz A, Fowler RA, Lapointe-Shaw L, Sheehan KA, Stukel TA et al (2023) Trends in delirium and new antipsychotic and benzodiazepine use among hospitalized older adults before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 6(8):e2327750","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"987_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01566-0","volume":"45","author":"AE Schulthess-Lisibach","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schulthess-Lisibach AE, Gallucci G, Benelli V, K\u00e4lin R, Schulthess S, Cattaneo M et al (2023) Predicting delirium in older non-intensive care unit inpatients: development and validation of the DELIrium risK Tool (DELIKT). Int J Clin Pharm 45(5):1118\u20131127","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"issue":"10","key":"987_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2012.08.009","volume":"21","author":"D Kobayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kobayashi D, Takahashi O, Arioka H, Koga S, Fukui T (2013) A prediction rule for the development of delirium among patients in medical wards: chi-square automatic interaction detector (chaid) decision tree analysis model. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 21(10):957\u2013962","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"987_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0285527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285527","volume":"18","author":"UA Snigurska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Snigurska UA, Liu Y, Ser SE, Macieira TGR, Ansell M, Lindberg D et al (2023) Risk of bias in prognostic models of hospital-induced delirium for medical-surgical units: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 18(8):e0285527","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"987_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2021.10.005","volume":"74","author":"VM Castro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro VM, Hart KL, Sacks CA, Murphy SN, Perlis RH, McCoy TH (2022) Longitudinal validation of an electronic health record delirium prediction model applied at admission in COVID-19 patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 74:9\u201317","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"987_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S315405","author":"MF Forget","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forget MF, Del Degan S, Leblanc J, Tannous R, Desjardins M, Durand M et al (2021) Delirium and inflammation in older adults hospitalized for COVID-19 a cohort study. CIA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S315405","journal-title":"CIA"},{"key":"987_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101047","volume":"60","author":"A Pilotto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pilotto A, Custodero C, Maggi S, Polidori MC, Veronese N, Ferrucci L (2020) A multidimensional approach to frailty in older people. Ageing Res Rev 60:101047","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"987_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15211","volume":"66","author":"E Mossello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mossello E, Tesi F, Di Santo SG, Mazzone A, Torrini M, Cherubini A et al (2018) Recognition of delirium features in clinical practice: data from the \u201cdelirium day 2015\u201d national survey. J Am Geriatr Soc 66(2):302\u2013308","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"}],"container-title":["European Geriatric Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T07:11:12Z","timestamp":1725520272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-024-00987-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Author(s) declared that they were an Editorial Board Member\/Editor-in-Chief of European Geriatric Medicine, at the time of submission. The Authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Committee (CER Liguria, n.131\/2020, 20 April 2020), and by the local ethical committees of each participating institution.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}