{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:09:28Z","timestamp":1786982968038,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China grants","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82270715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Health Research Project of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021E010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021E010"]}]},{"name":"The Disciplinary Advancement Program of Xijing Hospital","award":["XJZT21L15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJZT21L15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Geriatr Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T22:01:41Z","timestamp":1719525701000},"page":"1393-1403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Machine learning for the prediction of delirium in elderly intensive care unit patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1441-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziying","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinguo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueru","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiren","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1012_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"APA","year":"2013","unstructured":"APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association (APA), Washington","edition":"5"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0399-8","volume":"33","author":"S Ouimet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB et al (2007) Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med 33(1):66\u201373","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1012_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.016","volume":"49","author":"M van den Boogaard","year":"2012","unstructured":"van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, van der Hoeven JG et al (2012) Incidence and short-term consequences of delirium in critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 49(7):775\u2013783","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"1012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e420","volume":"344","author":"M van den Boogaard","year":"2012","unstructured":"van den Boogaard M, Pickkers P, Slooter AJ et al (2012) Development and validation of PRE-DELIRIC (PREdiction of DELIRium in ICu patients) delirium prediction model for intensive care patients: observational multicentre study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 344:e420","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06503-1","volume":"47","author":"JL Stollings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stollings JL, Kotfis K, Chanques G et al (2021) Delirium in critical illness: clinical manifestations, outcomes, and management. Intensive Care Med 47(10):1089\u20131103","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1012_CR6","first-page":"S241","volume":"59","author":"DL Leslie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leslie DL, Inouye SK (2011) The importance of delirium: economic and societal costs. J Am Geriatr Soc 59(Suppl 2):S241-243","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"21","key":"1012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","volume":"286","author":"EW Ely","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR et al (2001) Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 286(21):2703\u20132710","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0886-9","volume":"19","author":"Z Trogrli\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Trogrli\u0107 Z, van der Jagt M, Bakker J et al (2015) A systematic review of implementation strategies for assessment, prevention, and management of ICU delirium and their effect on clinical outcomes. Crit Care (London, England) 19(1):157","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12566","volume":"17","author":"H Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lu Y, Liu M et al (2013) Strategies for prevention of postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care (London, England) 17(2):R47","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.003","volume":"35","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Pan L, Ni H (2013) Impact of delirium on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 35(2):105\u2013111","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.10.008","volume":"93","author":"H Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan H, Ji M, Huang J et al (2019) Development and validation of a dynamic delirium prediction rule in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units (DYNAMIC-ICU): a prospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 93:64\u201373","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"3","key":"1012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003577","volume":"47","author":"C Green","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green C, Bonavia W, Toh C et al (2019) Prediction of ICU delirium: validation of current delirium predictive models in routine clinical practice. Crit Care Med 47(3):428\u2013435","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1012_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102880","volume":"60","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Yu J, Zhang A (2020) Delirium risk prediction models for intensive care unit patients: a systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 60:102880","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"9920","key":"1012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS (2014) Delirium in elderly people. Lancet (London, England) 383(9920):911\u2013922","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"15","key":"1012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1629","volume":"167","author":"MA Pisani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH et al (2007) Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med 167(15):1629\u20131634","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11012-2","volume":"12","author":"C Meng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meng C, Trinh L, Xu N et al (2022) Interpretability and fairness evaluation of deep learning models on MIMIC-IV dataset. Sci Rep 12(1):7166","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0697","volume":"162","author":"GS Collins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG et al (2015) Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. Ann Intern Med 162(1):55\u201363","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00012","volume":"29","author":"EW Ely","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J et al (2001) Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 29(7):1370\u20131379","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11407","volume":"16","author":"D Gusmao-Flores","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gusmao-Flores D, Salluh JI, Chalhub R et al (2012) The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) and intensive care delirium screening checklist (ICDSC) for the diagnosis of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Crit Care (London, England) 16(4):R115","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR20","first-page":"30","volume":"4","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Z (2016) Multiple imputation with multivariate imputation by chained equation (MICE) package. Ann Transl Med 4(2):30","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06928-2","volume":"49","author":"A Kalimouttou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalimouttou A, Lerner I, Cheurfa C et al (2023) Machine-learning-derived sepsis bundle of care. Intensive Care Med 49(1):26\u201336","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1012_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2033","volume":"180","author":"W Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang W, Liang H, Ou L et al (2020) Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 180(8):1081\u20131089","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.061","volume":"76","author":"N Kagiyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kagiyama N, Piccirilli M, Yanamala N et al (2020) Machine learning assessment of left ventricular diastolic function based on electrocardiographic features. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(8):930\u2013941","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2411-z","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Ho KM, Hong Y (2019) Machine learning for the prediction of volume responsiveness in patients with oliguric acute kidney injury in critical care. Crit Care (London, England) 23(1):112","journal-title":"Crit Care (London, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","volume":"304","author":"J Witlox","year":"2010","unstructured":"Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF et al (2010) Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA 304(4):443\u2013451","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1183","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Lao Y, Zhang Y et al (2021) Risk predictive models for delirium in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliative Med 10(2):1467","journal-title":"Ann Palliative Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12807","volume":"19","author":"OJ Lieberman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lieberman OJ, Lee S, Zabinski J (2023) Donepezil treatment is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill dementia patients via a reduction in delirium. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 19(5):1742\u20131751","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"1012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004478","volume":"138","author":"KD Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong KD, Lu R, Bergamaschi TS et al (2023) Predicting intensive care delirium with machine learning: model development and external validation. Anesthesiology 138(3):299\u2013311","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1012_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019440","volume":"49","author":"M Livne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Livne M, Boldsen JK, Mikkelsen IK et al (2018) Boosted tree model reforms multimodal magnetic resonance imaging infarct prediction in acute stroke. Stroke 49(4):912\u2013918","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"1012_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-019-0694-x","volume":"19","author":"O Chaiwat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaiwat O, Chanidnuan M, Pancharoen W et al (2019) Postoperative delirium in critically ill surgical patients: incidence, risk factors, and predictive scores. BMC Anesthesiol 19(1):39","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3202-7","volume":"40","author":"M van den Boogaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"van den Boogaard M, Schoonhoven L, Maseda E et al (2014) Recalibration of the delirium prediction model for ICU patients (PRE-DELIRIC): a multinational observational study. Intensive Care Med 40(3):361\u2013369","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2017.09.014","volume":"77","author":"KJ Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon KJ, Jin Y, Jin T et al (2018) Development and validation of an automated delirium risk assessment system (Auto-DelRAS) implemented in the electronic health record system. Int J Nurs Stud 77:46\u201353","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"29","key":"1012_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007543","volume":"96","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Du H, Wei BH et al (2017) Development and validation of risk-stratification delirium prediction model for critically ill patients: a prospective, observational, single-center study. Medicine 96(29):e7543","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"15","key":"1012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1605501","volume":"377","author":"ER Marcantonio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marcantonio ER (2017) Delirium in hospitalized older adults. N Engl J Med 377(15):1456\u20131466","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Itc49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202010060","volume":"173","author":"MLP Mattison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattison MLP (2020) Delirium. Ann Intern Med 173(7):Itc49-itc64","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1012_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.11.001","volume":"36","author":"TT Hshieh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hshieh TT, Inouye SK, Oh ES (2020) Delirium in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 36(2):183\u2013199","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1012_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802221106300","volume":"31","author":"X Xue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xue X, Saeed O, Castagna F et al (2022) The analysis of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality: a competing risk approach or a cure model? Stat Methods Med Res 31(10):1976\u20131991","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"}],"container-title":["European Geriatric Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T10:03:42Z","timestamp":1733220222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-024-01012-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The study was an analysis of a third-party anonymized publicly available database with pre-existing institutional review board (IRB) approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}