{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:30:09Z","timestamp":1789234209763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The France Bed Home Care Foundation","award":["FBK240531035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FBK240531035"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 21K17470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21K17470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012314","name":"Shinshu University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Geriatr Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a global concern characterized by the co-existence of sarcopenia and obesity. Although various interventions are recommended for SO, inconsistent definitions represent a barrier to clinical practice. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of rehabilitation interventions for SO based on the definitions provided by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and the European Association for the Study of Obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across nine databases, with a final search conducted on February 27, 2024. The eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case\u2013control studies without restrictions on language, country, sex, or publication date. The risk-of-bias assessment focused on muscle strength, physical function, and body composition. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool for randomized trials and the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale for non-randomized studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four randomized controlled trials involving 246 participants were included, all of which were conducted in communities. In addition, three studies comprised exclusively female participants, and all four studies employed resistance exercises. One study used a combination of resistance exercises and nutritional interventions. The overall risk of bias was high for all outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reported studies emphasized the limited number of studies covering diverse populations and settings. Further studies with improved methodological rigor are essential to identify effective rehabilitation strategies for SO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/wak9n\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/osf.io\/wak9n\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ) on January 31, 2024.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:00:00Z","timestamp":1760594400000},"page":"685-695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Overview of rehabilitation interventions for ESPEN\/EASO-defined sarcopenic obesity: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2344-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7819-1949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masateru","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Isaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3182-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirotada","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-0287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuyoshi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Nasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayato","family":"Kunihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2195-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9966-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kurasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takao","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8596-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.014","volume":"41","author":"LM Donini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dicker D, Frara S, Fr\u00fchbeck G, Genton L, Gepner Y, Giustina A, Gonzalez MC, Han HS, Heymsfield SB, Higashiguchi T, Laviano A, Lenzi A, Nyulasi I, Parrinello E, Poggiogalle E, Prado CM, Salvador J, Rolland Y, Santini F, Serlie MJ, Shi H, Sieber CC, Siervo M, Vettor R, Villareal DT, Volkert D, Yu J, Zamboni M, Barazzoni R (2022) Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Clin Nutr 41:990\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.04.002","volume":"35","author":"Y Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho Y, Shin SY, Shin MJ (2015) Sarcopenic obesity is associated with lower indicators of psychological health and quality of life in Koreans. Nutr Res 35:384\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.04.002","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1320_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13187","volume":"22","author":"A Gandham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gandham A, Mesinovic J, Jansons P, Zengin A, Bonham MP, Ebeling PR, Scott D (2021) Falls, fractures, and areal bone mineral density in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 22:e13187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13187","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12579","volume":"16","author":"S Tian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tian S, Xu Y (2016) Association of sarcopenic obesity with the risk of all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Geriatr Gerontol Int 16:155\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ggi.12579","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"1320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1195-y","volume":"19","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang X, Xie X, Dou Q, Liu C, Zhang W, Yang Y, Deng R, Cheng ASK (2019) Association of sarcopenic obesity with the risk of all-cause mortality among adults over a broad range of different settings: a updated meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 19:183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-019-1195-y","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1320_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.009","volume":"40","author":"Q Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao Q, Mei F, Shang Y, Hu K, Chen F, Zhao L, Ma B (2021) Global prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 40:4633\u20134641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.009","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982703","volume":"12","author":"AA Sayer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sayer AA, Syddall H, Martin H, Patel H, Baylis D, Cooper C (2008) The developmental origins of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 12:427\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02982703","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","volume":"315","author":"KM Flegal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2016) Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA 315:2284\u20132291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.6458","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0062-9","volume":"14","author":"JA Batsis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batsis JA, Villareal DT (2018) Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:513\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-018-0062-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.016","volume":"17","author":"H Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim H, Kim M, Kojima N, Fujino K, Hosoi E, Kobayashi H, Somekawa S, Niki Y, Yamashiro Y, Yoshida H (2016) Exercise and nutritional supplementation on community-dwelling elderly Japanese women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17:1011\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.016","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"1320_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00943-z","volume":"20","author":"CM Prado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prado CM, Batsis JA, Donini LM, Gonzalez MC, Siervo M (2024) Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20:261\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-023-00943-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"1320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00509-0","volume":"12","author":"L Reiter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reiter L, Bauer S, Traxler M, Schoufour JD, Weijs PJM, Cruz-Jentoft A, Topinkov\u00e1 E, Eglseer D (2023) Effects of nutrition and exercise interventions on persons with sarcopenic obesity: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Curr Obes Rep 12:250\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-023-00509-0","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1320_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-2018-6","volume":"27","author":"L da Silva Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"da Silva Gon\u00e7alves L, Santos Lopes da Silva L, Rodrigues Benjamim CJ, Tasinafo Junior MF, Bohn L, Ferreira Abud G, Ortiz GU, de Freitas EC (2023) The effects of different exercise training types on body composition and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 27:1076\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-023-2018-6","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1320_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad007","volume":"81","author":"D Eglseer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eglseer D, Traxler M, Schoufour JD, Weijs PJM, Voortman T, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Reiter L, Bauer S, SO-NUTS Consortium (2023) Nutritional and exercise interventions in individuals with sarcopenic obesity around retirement age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 81:1077\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad007","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1986-x","volume":"27","author":"B Abiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abiri B, Hosseinpanah F, Seifi Z, Amini S, Valizadeh M (2023) The implication of nutrition on the prevention and improvement of age-related sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 27:842\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-023-1986-x","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110937","volume":"135","author":"YH Yin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yin YH, Liu JYW, V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki M (2020) Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on the management of sarcopenic obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 135:110937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110937","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1320_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092163","volume":"11","author":"KJ Hsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsu KJ, Liao CD, Tsai MW, Chen CN (2019) Effects of exercise and nutritional intervention on body composition, metabolic health, and physical performance in adults with sarcopenic obesity: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 11:2163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11092163","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.05.002","volume":"43","author":"C Theodorakopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Theodorakopoulos C, Jones J, Bannerman E, Greig CA (2017) Effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions to improve body composition and muscle strength or function in sarcopenic obese older adults: a systematic review. Nutr Res 43:3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.05.002","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1320_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00880-7","volume":"22","author":"KJ Cheah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheah KJ, Cheah LJ (2023) Benefits and side effects of protein supplementation and exercise in sarcopenic obesity: a scoping review. Nutr J 22:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12937-023-00880-7","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"1320_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290085","volume":"18","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Hu Q, Li J, Zhou Y, Chu T (2023) Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on patients with sarcopenic obesity: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 18:e0290085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290085","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12260","volume":"61","author":"JA Batsis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batsis JA, Barre LK, Mackenzie TA, Pratt SI, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ (2013) Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey 1999\u20132004. J Am Geriatr Soc 61:974\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.12260","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"1320_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.04.002","volume":"40","author":"G Bahat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahat G, Kilic C, Ozkok S, Ozturk S, Karan MA (2021) Associations of sarcopenic obesity versus sarcopenia alone with functionality. Clin Nutr 40:2851\u20132859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.04.002","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1320_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.09.012","volume":"152","author":"H Khalil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalil H, Peters MDJ, McInerney PA, Godfrey CM, Alexander L, Evans C, Pieper D, Moraes EB, Tricco AC, Munn Z, Pollock D (2022) The role of scoping reviews in reducing research waste. J Clin Epidemiol 152:30\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.09.012","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1320_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, Moher D, Peters MDJ, Horsley T, Weeks L, Hempel S, Akl EA, Chang C, McGowan J, Stewart L, Hartling L, Aldcroft A, Wilson MG, Garritty C, Lewin S, Godfrey CM, Macdonald MT, Langlois EV, Soares-Weiser K, Moriarty J, Clifford T, Tun\u00e7alp \u00d6, Straus SE (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169:467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H (2024) Scoping reviews. In: Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Porritt K, Pilla B, Jordan Z (eds) JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09"},{"key":"1320_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111886","volume":"166","author":"JM Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang JM, Luo Y, Zhang JH, Liu QQ, Zhu Q, Ye H, Niu YL, Huang H, Xie HY, Long Y, Wang MY (2022) Effects of WB-EMS and protein supplementation on body composition, physical function, metabolism and inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged and elderly patients with sarcopenic obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Gerontol 166:111886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111886","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1320_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007125.pub3","volume":"11","author":"HH Handoll","year":"2021","unstructured":"Handoll HH, Cameron ID, Mak JC, Panagoda CE, Finnegan TP (2021) Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for older people with hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD007125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007125.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1320_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1320_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1320_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng HY, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Emberson JR, Hern\u00e1n MA, Hopewell S, Hr\u00f3bjartsson A, Junqueira DR, J\u00fcni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366:l4898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1320_CR31","unstructured":"Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses, https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"1320_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.09.016","volume":"60","author":"A Balachandran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balachandran A, Krawczyk SN, Potiaumpai M, Signorile JF (2014) High-speed circuit training vs hypertrophy training to improve physical function in sarcopenic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 60:64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2014.09.016","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1320_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111272","volume":"147","author":"YH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee YH, Lee PH, Lin LF, Liao CD, Liou TH, Huang SW (2021) Effects of progressive elastic band resistance exercise for aged osteosarcopenic adiposity women. Exp Gerontol 147:111272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111272","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"1320_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2022-0241","volume":"31","author":"E Banitalebi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banitalebi E, Banitalebi E, Ghahfarokhi MM, Rahimi M, Laher I, Davison K (2023) Resistance band exercise: an effective strategy to reverse cardiometabolic disorders in women with osteosarcopenic obesity. J Aging Phys Act 31:633\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.2022-0241","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"1320_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152560","volume":"16","author":"Y Assyov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Assyov Y, Nedeva I, Spassov B, Gerganova A, Velikov T, Kamenov Z, Velikova T (2024) Nutritional management and physical activity in the treatment of sarcopenic obesity: a review of the literature. Nutrients 16:2560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16152560","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1320_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/jgf2.625","volume":"24","author":"H Wakabayashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wakabayashi H (2023) Hospital-associated sarcopenia, acute sarcopenia, and iatrogenic sarcopenia: prevention of sarcopenia during hospitalization. J Gen Fam Med 24:146\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgf2.625","journal-title":"J Gen Fam Med"},{"key":"1320_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13502","volume":"15","author":"N Veronese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veronese N, Ragusa FS, Pegreffi F, Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Zanetti M, Cereda E (2024) Sarcopenic obesity and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 15:1264\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13502","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"1320_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.22.0081","volume":"26","author":"M Kumari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumari M, Khanna A (2022) Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in various comorbidities, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic approaches: a review. Ann Geriatr Med Res 26:296\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4235\/agmr.22.0081","journal-title":"Ann Geriatr Med Res"},{"key":"1320_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64687","volume":"16","author":"N Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang N, He J, Qu X, Kang L (2024) Research hotspots and trends of interventions for sarcopenic obesity: a bibliometric analysis. Cureus 16:e64687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.64687","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1320_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12288","volume":"7","author":"S Janani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Janani S, Sedhunivas R (2024) Effectiveness of exercise interventions on muscle mass among older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a scoping review. Aging Med 7:115\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/agm2.12288","journal-title":"Aging Med"},{"key":"1320_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1616338","volume":"376","author":"DT Villareal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, Waters DL, Sinacore DR, Colombo E, Armamento-Villareal R, Qualls C (2017) Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med 376:1943\u20131955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1616338","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1320_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21977","volume":"25","author":"KM Beavers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beavers KM, Ambrosius WT, Rejeski WJ, Burdette JH, Walkup MP, Sheedy JL, Nesbit BA, Gaukstern JE, Nicklas BJ, Marsh AP (2017) Effect of exercise type during intentional weight loss on body composition in older adults with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 25:1823\u20131829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.21977","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1320_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.25.0085","volume":"46","author":"GY Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song GY (2025) Health-related quality of life in older Koreans: a HINT-8-based cross-sectional analysis of obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity using the 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Fam Med 46:195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4082\/kjfm.25.0085","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"}],"container-title":["European Geriatric Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1777017679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01320-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7657","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The requirement for ethical approval of the study was waived as this study was based on the data of previous studies.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}