{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:07:13Z","timestamp":1789063633839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur Geriatr Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-cigarette use has increased substantially in the general population, yet evidence on use among older adults remains limited. Older adults bear a disproportionate burden of smoking-related morbidity and, in some populations, have shown persistently high smoking prevalence relative to younger age groups. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of e-cigarette use in this population is essential to inform targeted tobacco control and harm reduction strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis of 13,297 adults aged 60\u00a0years and over (mean age 71.4\u00a0years; 54.3% female) from seven waves (2017\u20132024, excluding 2020) of the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS), a nationally representative household survey. Current e-cigarette use was the primary outcome. Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios for the association between current e-cigarette use and sociodemographic, behavioural, and health-related covariates, accounting for the complex survey design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The weighted prevalence of current e-cigarette use among older adults was 4.5% (95% CI: 4.1\u20134.9). Prevalence remained broadly stable across survey years, ranging from 2.16% (95% CI: 1.43\u20133.25) in 2021 to 5.55% (95% CI: 4.43\u20136.93) in 2023. E-cigarette use was overwhelmingly concentrated among those with a smoking history: current smokers (adjusted OR 18.78, 95% CI: 11.79\u201329.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and ex-smokers (adjusted OR 20.17, 95% CI: 13.10\u201331.06,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had markedly elevated odds compared with never smokers. E-cigarette use declined sharply with advancing age: compared with the 60\u201364 reference group, adjusted odds were lower at ages 65\u201369 (OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47\u20130.79,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 70\u201374 (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.33\u20130.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 75\u201379 (OR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.13\u20130.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and 80 and over (OR 0.11, 95% CI: 0.06\u20130.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Residence in less deprived areas was associated with lower odds of use compared with the most deprived quintile: fourth quintile (OR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.34\u20130.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and least deprived (OR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.27\u20130.61,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Respondents reporting fair (OR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028) or bad\/very bad self-rated health (OR 1.73, 95% CI: 1.31\u20132.27,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had higher odds than those in very good or good health. Being divorced was independently associated with current use (OR 1.65, 95% CI: 1.22\u20132.23,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Sex and alcohol consumption were not significant correlates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-cigarette use among Scottish older adults was low but non-trivial and was strongly patterned by smoking history. The concentration of use among current and former smokers suggests that e-cigarette use in this age group occurs mainly among people with prior exposure to combustible tobacco, although the cross-sectional design cannot determine whether use reflects cessation, substitution, experimentation, or persistent dual use. The steep age gradient, deprivation patterning, and association with poorer self-rated health highlight the need for age-sensitive clinical counselling and balanced risk communication in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-026-01539-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:31:58Z","timestamp":1782700318000},"page":"2109-2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of e-cigarette use among older adults aged 60\u00a0years and over"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuff Adebayo","family":"Adebisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas Ali","family":"Alhur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Olushola","family":"Ogunkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najim Z.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Don Eliseo","family":"Lucero-Prisno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman A.","family":"Adeniran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Geraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venera","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Polosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1539_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1061","volume":"16","author":"J Willett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Willett J, Achenbach S, Pinto FJ, Poppas A, Elkind MSV (2021) The tobacco endgame-eradicating a worsening epidemic: a joint opinion from the american heart association, world heart federation, american college of cardiology, and the european society of cardiology. 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Alshahrani, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III, Usman A. Adeniran, Giulio Geraci, and Venera Tomaselli declare no conflicts of interest. Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi previously received funding through the Tobacco Harm Reduction Scholarship and the Kevin Molloy Fellowship, both awarded by Knowledge Action Change (KAC), UK, an independent public health organisation. KAC receives funding from Global Action to End Smoking (GA), an independent US nonprofit 501(c)(3) grantmaking organisation that supports health and science research, cessation education, and agricultural transformation initiatives. Riccardo Polosa is a full professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Catania, Italy, and Medical Director of the Institute for Internal Medicine at the same university. He has received competitive grants from the European Union and government sources, including U-BIOPRED, AIR-PROM, the Integral Rheumatology & Immunology Specialists Network (IRIS), and several PNRR grants (PNRR 3277\/2021, PNRR 341\/2022, and PNRR 411\/2021) funded by the European Commission through NextGenerationEU. He has also received investigator-initiated grants from GA, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, CV Therapeutics, NeuroSearch A\/S, Sandoz, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Arbi Group Srl, Duska Therapeutics, and Forest Laboratories. He is the founder of the Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment (CPCT) and the Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR) at the University of Catania. He has received consultancy fees from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, CV Therapeutics, Sermo Inc., GRG Health, Clarivate Analytics, Guidepoint Expert Network, and GLG Group. He receives textbook royalties from Elsevier and EDRA. He also serves as Chair of the European Technical Committee for Standardization on \u201cRequirements and test methods for emissions of electronic cigarettes\u201d (CEN\/TC 437; WG4) and as scientific advisor to the non-profit Foundation RIDE2Med. This research was conducted independently and was not linked to any prior funding source.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Scottish Health Survey is conducted under ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee. Individual participant consent was obtained at the time of the survey. The present study involved secondary analysis of anonymised data and did not require additional ethical approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}