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MSS, defined as strength relative to corresponding muscle mass, has emerged as a marker of muscle health, but its site-specific relevance to mobility remains unclear. Because these components are often examined separately, direct upper- and lower-limb comparisons are needed to clarify which indicators offer the most clinically relevant information on gait speed. We compared upper- and lower-limb muscle mass, absolute strength, and site-specific MSS in community-dwelling older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional analysis included 284 community-dwelling adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200965\u00a0years. Handgrip strength, knee extension strength, arm and leg muscle mass, and usual gait speed were measured. Upper-limb MSS was calculated as handgrip strength\/arm muscle mass, and lower-limb MSS as knee extension strength\/leg muscle mass. Age-, sex-, and body mass index-adjusted linear regression models examined associations with gait speed and compared model fit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean age was 77.2\u00a0years; 77.1% were women. Arm and leg muscle mass were not associated with gait speed. Knee extension strength showed the strongest individual association (standardized\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37, 95% confidence interval 0.23\u20130.51). Upper-limb MSS (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.28, 0.15\u20130.40) and lower-limb MSS (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32, 0.21\u20130.44) were associated with gait speed. When entered simultaneously, upper-limb MSS (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.18, 0.05\u20130.31) and lower-limb MSS (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.27, 0.16\u20130.39) remained independently associated, and the combined MSS model showed the best fit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Site-specific MSS, particularly when assessed in both upper and lower limbs, may provide complementary mobility-related information beyond limb muscle mass alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-026-01565-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:44:01Z","timestamp":1784915041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of upper- and lower-limb muscle health components\u2014muscle mass, absolute strength, and muscle-specific strength\u2014with gait speed in community-dwelling older adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9514-3345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiko","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomihiko","family":"Tajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Komiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Umegaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1565_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200932020-00002","volume":"32","author":"S Fritz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fritz S, Lusardi M (2009) White paper: \u201cwalking speed: the sixth vital sign.\u201d J Geriatr Phys Ther 32(2):46\u201349","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"1565_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53501.x","volume":"53","author":"M Cesari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BW et al (2005) Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people\u2013results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. 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Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain identifying information or images of individual participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the first author used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve the clarity and readability of the manuscript text and for limited assistance with R code syntax for statistical analyses. The authors reviewed and edited all AI-assisted content as necessary and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}