{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:41:25Z","timestamp":1784025685514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hormones"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T11:38:20Z","timestamp":1747741100000},"page":"711-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leptin affects spermatogenic function via activation of the Akt\/ERK\/AMPK signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingshun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deping","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Jianbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6082","volume":"84","author":"AM Isidori","year":"1999","unstructured":"Isidori AM, Caprio M, Strollo F et al (1999) Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(10):3673\u20133680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6082","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_98_18","volume":"21","author":"IA Malik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malik IA, Durairajanayagam D, Singh H (2019) Leptin and its actions on reproduction in males. Asian J Androl 21(3):296\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aja.aja_98_18","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-34","volume":"12","author":"K Leisegang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leisegang K, Bouic PJ, Menkveld R, Henkel RR (2014) Obesity is associated with increased seminal insulin and leptin alongside reduced fertility parameters in a controlled male cohort. Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E 12:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7827-12-34","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E"},{"issue":"1","key":"667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.01.003","volume":"20","author":"F Almabhouh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almabhouh F, Abdul Aziz NA, Durairajanayagam D, Singh H (2020) Could leptin be responsible for the reproductive dysfunction in obese men? Reprod Biol 20(1):106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.repbio.2020.01.003","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00652-6","volume":"18","author":"JX Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma JX, Wang B, Li HS, Jiang XJ, Yu J, Ding CF, Chen WQ (2020) Association between obesity-associated markers and semen quality parameters and serum reproductive hormones in Chinese infertile men. Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E 18(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12958-020-00652-6","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E"},{"key":"667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-32","volume":"9","author":"CD Fernandez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernandez CD, Bellentani FF, Fernandes GS, Perobelli JE, Favareto AP, Nascimento AF, Cicogna AC, Kempinas WD (2011) Diet-induced obesity in rats leads to a decrease in sperm motility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E 9:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7827-9-32","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol: RB&E"},{"issue":"2","key":"667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116653678","volume":"24","author":"CD Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandez CD, Fernandes GS, Favareto AP, Perobelli JE, Sanabria M, Kempinas WD (2017) Decreased implantation number after in utero artificial insemination can reflect an impairment of fertility in adult male rats after exogenous leptin exposure. Reprod Sci 24(2):234\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719116653678","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0049-7","volume":"87","author":"L Annie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Annie L, Jeremy M, Gurusubramanian G, Derkach KV, Shpakov AO, Roy VK (2020) Effect of metformin on testicular expression and localization of leptin receptor and levels of leptin in the diabetic mice. Mol Reprod Dev 87(5):620\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0049-7","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"issue":"7702","key":"667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0049-7","volume":"556","author":"J Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu J, Bartolome CL, Low CS, Yi X, Chien CH, Wang P, Kong D (2018) Genetic identification of leptin neural circuits in energy and glucose homeostases. Nature 556(7702):505\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0049-7","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00931.x","volume":"32","author":"HW Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li HW, Chiu PC, Cheung MP, Yeung WS, WSO (2009) Effect of leptin on motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl 32(6):687\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00931.x","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"1","key":"667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.07.995","volume":"93","author":"MN Haron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haron MN, D\u2019Souza UJ, Jaafar H, Zakaria R, Singh H (2010) Exogenous leptin administration decreases sperm count and increases the fraction of abnormal sperm in adult rats. Fertil Steril 93(1):322\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.07.995","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2675-x","volume":"287","author":"S Abbasihormozi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abbasihormozi S, Shahverdi A, Kouhkan A, Cheraghi J, Akhlaghi AA, Kheimeh A (2013) Relationship of leptin administration with production of reactive oxygen species, sperm DNA fragmentation, sperm parameters and hormone profile in the adult rat. Arch Gynecol Obstet 287(6):1241\u20131249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-012-2675-x","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13126","volume":"82","author":"S Xin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xin S, Hao Y, ZhiPeng M, Nanhe L, Bin C (2019) Chronic epididymitis and leptin and their associations with semen characteristics in men with infertility. Am J Reprod Immunol 82(1):e13126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13126","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.183379","volume":"19","author":"FA Almabhouh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almabhouh FA, Osman K, Ibrahim SF, Gupalo S, Gnanou J, Ibrahim E, Singh H (2017) Melatonin ameliorates the adverse effects of leptin on sperm. Asian J Androl 19(6):647\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1008-682X.183379","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"issue":"9","key":"667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833c21af","volume":"28","author":"A Fortu\u00f1o","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fortu\u00f1o A, Bidegain J, Baltan\u00e1s A, Moreno MU, Montero L, Landecho MF, Beloqui O, D\u00edez J, Zalba G (2010) Is leptin involved in phagocytic NADPH oxidase overactivity in obesity? Potential clinical implications. J Hypertens 28(9):1944\u20131950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833c21af","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt126","volume":"99","author":"MR Schroeter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schroeter MR, Leifheit-Nestler M, Hubert A, Schumann B, Gl\u00fcckermann R, Eschholz N, Kr\u00fcger N, Lutz S, Hasenfuss G, Konstantinides S, Sch\u00e4fer K (2013) Leptin promotes neointima formation and smooth muscle cell proliferation via NADPH oxidase activation and signalling in caveolin-rich microdomains. Cardiovasc Res 99(3):555\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvt126","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31019","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702838200","volume":"282","author":"Y Gong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gong Y, Ishida-Takahashi R, Villanueva EC, Fingar DC, M\u00fcnzberg H, Myers MG (2007) The long form of the leptin receptor regulates STAT5 and ribosomal protein S6 via alternate mechanisms. J Biol Chem 282(42):31019\u201331027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M702838200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-008-9070-1","volume":"33","author":"KL Townsend","year":"2008","unstructured":"Townsend KL, Lorenzi MM, Widmaier EP (2008) High-fat diet-induced changes in body mass and hypothalamic gene expression in wild-type and leptin-deficient mice. Endocrine 33(2):176\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-008-9070-1","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"26","key":"667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102364108","volume":"108","author":"KW Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim KW, Zhao L, Donato J, Kohno D, Xu Y, Elias CF, Lee C, Parker KL, Elmquist JK (2011) Steroidogenic factor 1 directs programs regulating diet-induced thermogenesis and leptin action in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(26):10673\u201310678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1102364108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"13","key":"667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0303992101","volume":"101","author":"Q Gao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gao Q, Wolfgang MJ, Neschen S, Morino K, Horvath TL, Shulman GI, Fu XY (2004) Disruption of neural signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 causes obesity, diabetes, infertility, and thermal dysregulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(13):4661\u20134666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0303992101","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.02.004","volume":"5","author":"PJ Enriori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Jobst EE, Tonelli-Lemos L, Billes SK, Glavas MM, Grayson BE, Perello M, Nillni EA, Grove KL, Cowley MA (2007) Diet-induced obesity causes severe but reversible leptin resistance in arcuate melanocortin neurons. Cell Metab 5(3):181\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.02.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221037","volume":"144","author":"H M\u00fcnzberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"M\u00fcnzberg H, Huo L, Nillni EA, Hollenberg AN, Bj\u00f8rbaek C (2003) Role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin gene expression by leptin. Endocrinology 144(5):2121\u20132131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2002-221037","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"22","key":"667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.250","volume":"31","author":"A Joly-Amado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joly-Amado A, Denis RG, Castel J, Lacombe A, Cansell C, Rouch C, Kassis N, Dairou J, Cani PD, Ventura-Clapier R, Prola A, Flamment M, Foufelle F, Magnan C, Luquet S (2012) Hypothalamic AgRP-neurons control peripheral substrate utilization and nutrient partitioning. EMBO J 31(22):4276\u20134288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emboj.2012.250","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"2","key":"667_CR24","first-page":"89","volume":"40","author":"AR Lubis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lubis AR, Widia F, Soegondo S, Setiawati A (2008) The role of SOCS-3 protein in leptin resistance and obesity. Acta Med Indones 40(2):89\u201395","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"issue":"3","key":"667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890701214881","volume":"39","author":"P May","year":"2007","unstructured":"May P, Woldt E, Matz RL, Boucher P (2007) The LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family: an old family of proteins with new physiological functions. Ann Med 39(3):219\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890701214881","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000575","volume":"9","author":"Q Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu Q, Zhang J, Zerbinatti C, Zhan Y, Kolber BJ, Herz J, Muglia LJ, Bu G (2011) Lipoprotein receptor LRP1 regulates leptin signaling and energy homeostasis in the adult central nervous system. PLoS Biol 9(1):e1000575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000575","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.07.001","volume":"10","author":"G Ceccarini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ceccarini G, Flavell RR, Butelman ER, Synan M, Willnow TE, Bar-Dagan M, Goldsmith SJ, Kreek MJ, Kothari P, Vallabhajosula S, Muir TW, Friedman JM (2009) PET imaging of leptin biodistribution and metabolism in rodents and primates. Cell Metab 10(2):148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.07.001","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0074","volume":"145","author":"H Hama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hama H, Saito A, Takeda T, Tanuma A, Xie Y, Sato K, Kazama JJ, Gejyo F (2004) Evidence indicating that renal tubular metabolism of leptin is mediated by megalin but not by the leptin receptors. Endocrinology 145(8):3935\u20133940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2004-0074","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.008","volume":"29","author":"M Dietrich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dietrich M, Spuch C, Antequera D, Rodal I, de Y\u00e9benes JG, Molina JA, Bermejo F, Carro E (2008) Megalin mediates the transport of leptin across the blood-CSF barrier. Neurobiol Aging 29(6):902\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2896","volume":"4","author":"SY Gil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gil SY, Youn BS, Byun K, Huang H, Namkoong C, Jang PG, Lee JY, Jo YH, Kang GM, Kim HK, Shin MS, Pietrzik CU, Lee B, Kim YB, Kim MS (2013) Clusterin and LRP2 are critical components of the hypothalamic feeding regulatory pathway. Nat Commun 4:1862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms2896","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201338317","volume":"15","author":"K Byun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Byun K, Gil SY, Namkoong C, Youn BS, Huang H, Shin MS, Kang GM, Kim HK, Le B, Kim YB, Kim MS (2014) Clusterin\/ApoJ enhances central leptin signaling through Lrp2-mediated endocytosis. EMBO Rep 15(7):801\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.201338317","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1338","volume":"27","author":"A Nazarians-Armavil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nazarians-Armavil A, Menchella JA, Belsham DD (2013) Cellular insulin resistance disrupts leptin-mediated control of neuronal signaling and transcription. Mol Endocrinol 27(6):990\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2012-1338","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nn885","volume":"5","author":"AZ Zhao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhao AZ, Huan JN, Gupta S, Pal R, Sahu A (2002) A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphodiesterase 3B-cyclic AMP pathway in hypothalamic action of leptin on feeding. Nat Neurosci 5(8):727\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn885","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"42","key":"667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43684","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M408495200","volume":"279","author":"C Duan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Duan C, Li M, Rui L (2004) SH2-B promotes insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)- and IRS2-mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in response to leptin. J Biol Chem 279(42):43684\u201343691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M408495200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.07.004","volume":"2","author":"D Ren","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ren D, Li M, Duan C, Rui L (2005) Identification of SH2-B as a key regulator of leptin sensitivity, energy balance, and body weight in mice. Cell Metab 2(2):95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.07.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.07.009","volume":"15","author":"KD Niswender","year":"2004","unstructured":"Niswender KD, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW (2004) Insulin and its evolving partnership with leptin in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15(8):362\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2004.07.009","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24301","volume":"115","author":"AW Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu AW, Kaelin CB, Takeda K, Akira S, Schwartz MW, Barsh GS (2005) PI3K integrates the action of insulin and leptin on hypothalamic neurons. J Clin Invest 115(4):951\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI24301","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Hormones"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T03:23:33Z","timestamp":1760066613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42000-025-00667-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1109-3099","2520-8721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1109-3099","type":"print"},{"value":"2520-8721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animal studies were approved by the ethics committee of Gongli Hospital under the approval number 2019-A078.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}