{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T16:21:02Z","timestamp":1769012462511,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002839","name":"Charit\u00e9 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002839","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hormones"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves\u2019 disease (GD), driven by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs). Intravenous glucocorticoid pulse therapy (ivGC) is the first-line treatment for active moderate-to-severe TED. This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify predictive factors associated with treatment response in TED patients receiving ivGC therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 146 TED patients treated with ivGC at our endocrine outpatient center between 2014 and 2021. The median treatment duration was 11 weeks (IQR: 1), with a median cumulative dose of 4.25\u00a0g (IQR: 0.25). The primary outcome was defined as the absence of the need for additional orbital decompression or strabismus surgery. Secondary outcomes included changes in ophthalmological and thyroid-related parameters. Predictive factors were identified using binary logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was achieved in 20.54% of the patients. Predictors of surgery following ivGC treatment included current smoking (OR\u2009=\u20094.854, 95% CI: 1.522\u201315.482), age (OR\u2009=\u20091.051, 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.101), baseline diplopia (OR\u2009=\u20094.987, 95% CI: 1.218\u201320.417), and impaired visual acuity (OR\u2009=\u20090.274, 95% CI: 0.078\u20130.965). IvGC treatment improved diplopia (risk ratio\u2009=\u20090.87), and clinical activity score (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20091.30), with a trend toward reduced TRAb levels (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009=\u20090.71).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking, diplopia, and age were unfavorable for avoiding surgery, while impaired visual acuity was favorable. IvGC was associated with significant ophthalmological improvements. These findings support more personalized approaches to TED treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-025-00703-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:30:52Z","timestamp":1754487052000},"page":"1013-1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predictive factors for surgical interventions following intravenous glucocorticoid pulse therapy in active moderate-to-severe thyroid eye disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7817-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Giannakogeorgou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Spira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linus","family":"Haberbosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Salchow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bobbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa646","volume":"105","author":"GJ Kahaly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kahaly GJ (2020) Management of graves thyroidal and extrathyroidal disease: an update. 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