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Among a cohort of 968 T1D patients, 45 cases of DH were identified. Cases were matched with 90 controls using propensity score matching based on age, sex, diabetes duration, and presence of retinopathy. Clinical data, comorbidities, and glycemic control (HbA1c and continuous glucose monitoring metrics) were collected. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with DH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DH prevalence was 4.6%. Significant associations were found for HbA1c (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.16\u20133.28;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011) and age (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.12;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012). Cardiovascular disease was more common in DH cases (20.2% vs. 2.2%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), but it was not independently associated after adjustment. No significant differences were observed for retinopathy, nephropathy, or other microvascular complications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic poor glycemic control, indicated by higher HbA1c, is strongly associated with DH. These findings suggest that DH is a distinct complication of T1D, driven more by hyperglycemia than traditional vascular risk factors. Further research is needed to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms and therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-025-00732-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:28:39Z","timestamp":1762759719000},"page":"153-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hand pathology in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9737-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Sager-La Ganga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4127-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Sebastian-Valles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Gonzalez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Marazuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Antonio","family":"Sampedro-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Alfonso","family":"Arranz-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruiz-Grao MC, D\u00edez-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Mesas AE et al (2024) Trends in the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in European Children and Adolescents from 1994 to 2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 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The research was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Carolina Sager-La Ganga, Fernando Sebasti\u00e1n-Valles, Celia Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M\u00f3nica Marazuela, Miguel Antonio Sampedro-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, Jos\u00e9 Alfonso Arranz Mart\u00edn have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}