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The study aimed to identify metabolic risk factors related to BPH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following rigorous screening, 8,566 men aged 40 years or older were enrolled in 2022 in the current research. All participants underwent prostate and liver ultrasonography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of the subjects was 54.20\u2009\u00b1\u20099.37 years, Among them, 3,595 (41.96%) were diagnosed with BPH and 5519 (64.42%) had fatty liver disease (FLD), while 1,254 (14.63%) had diabetes. Multivariate analysis revealed that four variables, namely, age, prostate special antigen (PSA), FLD, and diabetes were related to BPH. Specifically, each 1-year increase in age was associated with an 8% increase in BPH risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07\u20131.09). Elevated PSA was associated with a 91% increase in BPH risk (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.79\u20132.04). The presence of FLD was linked to a 21% increased risk (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.36), and diabetes was correlated with a 22% increased risk (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.06\u20131.40).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced age, elevated PSA levels, and the presence of FLD and\/or diabetes are associated with an increased risk of BPH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-026-00767-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T07:05:13Z","timestamp":1771225513000},"page":"439-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fatty liver and diabetes are related to benign prostate hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dongyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"767_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003698","volume":"211","author":"JS Sandhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sandhu JS, Bixler BR, Dahm P et al (2024) Management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): AUA guideline amendment 2023. 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The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Liaoning Electric Power Central Hospital (LNDLYY-2023-JKGLZX-002).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed to publish. All authors have read and approved the final work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All patients have signed written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}