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Hatching eggs were collected from a 70-wk-old Cobb500\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    commercial broiler breeder flock and distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments: fumigation with paraformaldehyde (4.63\u00a0g\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/30 min; FORM), fumigation with ozone (5-15ppm\/30 min; Ozone), ultraviolet light-C irradiation (8.09 mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; 120\u00a0s; UV-C), hydrogen peroxide spraying (3%; 0.69 mL\/egg; H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), peracetic acid spraying (0.3%; 0.69mL\/egg; PAC), water spraying (0.69mL\/egg; Water) and without sanitization (dry control - Dry). Culture-dependent methodology was carried out to isolate the microorganisms from eggshell surface (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009224) and yolk sac in one-day-old chicks (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200991), followed by identification by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Proteobacteria phylum was dominant on egg structures evaluated, with nineteen genera identified on the eggshell surface and twelve in the yolk sac. The most abundant genera found on eggshell surfaces and in yolk sacs were\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (18%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (32.6%), respectively. Among the sanitization protocols tested, ultraviolet light-C irradiation and peracetic acid spraying decreased the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in hatching eggs. Eggshell and yolk sac microbiota of newly hatched chicks were dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, respectively. UV-C irradiation and peracetic acid effectively reduced eggshell\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with peracetic acid also decreasing yolk sac\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings support UV-C and peracetic acid as effective alternatives to formaldehyde in commercial hatcheries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-01896-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:52:48Z","timestamp":1772765568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alternative protocols for sanitizing hatching eggs and their effects on the microbiota of eggshell surface and chick yolk sac"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Erica Faria","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie Luiza Santos","family":"Cl\u00edmaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Andre","family":"Pompeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Cristina","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrique C\u00e9sar Pereira","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Resende","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8882-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itallo Conrado Sousa","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Jose Camargos","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1896_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex182","volume":"96","author":"R Olsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsen R, Kudirkiene E, Thofner I, Pors S, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Li L, Papasolomontos S, Angastiniotou C, Christensen J (2017) Impact of egg disinfection of hatching eggs on the eggshell Microbiome and bacterial load. 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