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We infected murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhimurium and treated them for 24\u00a0h with non-toxic concentrations of caffeine (0.05\u20135\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) plus gentamicin (10\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml). Subsequently, Swiss mice were orally challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium and received daily intraperitoneal doses of caffeine (0.05-5\u00a0mg\/kg) plus gentamicin (10\u00a0mg\/kg) for five days post-infection. Macrophages treated with 5\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml caffeine plus 10\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml gentamicin exhibited significantly higher viability and a marked reduction in intracellular bacterial load. Lower caffeine doses (0.05 and 0.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) failed to preserve cell viability due to uncontrolled bacterial proliferation. Mice receiving gentamicin \u2013 either alone or combined with 5\u00a0mg\/kg caffeine \u2013 showed reduced hepatic bacterial burdens and milder histopathological damage. Notably, only the higher caffeine dose enhanced gentamicin\u2019s efficacy; lower caffeine concentrations antagonized the antibiotic\u2019s activity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-01948-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T13:25:34Z","timestamp":1777296334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ups and downs in the experimental treatment of murine typhoid fever using gentamicin combined with caffeine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"de Souza Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roseane Thays","family":"dos Santos Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Nayara Gomes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Vinicius Pereira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islana Silva","family":"Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Cristina Bandeira","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Sant Ana","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Moreira","family":"Lima Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison Hideo Jolo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdemiro Amaro","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vitor","family":"Lima-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1948_CR1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks report (2024) https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-de-a-a-z\/d\/dtha\/situacao-epidemiologica\/surtos-de-doencas-de-transmissao-hidrica-e-alimentar-no-brasil-informe-2024.pdf\/, 2025 (accessed 29 September 2025)"},{"key":"1948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monte DFM, Sellera FP (2020) Salmonella, Emerg. 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