{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:13:34Z","timestamp":1779110014474,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz J Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:37:46Z","timestamp":1779107866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. from broiler chickens in Northern Algeria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Leila Amel","family":"Cartelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Salhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoubida","family":"Boumahdi Merad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chafik Redha","family":"Messai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nassim","family":"Ouchene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1383-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadjet Amina","family":"Khelifi Touhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1965_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040970","volume":"11","author":"R Rodriguez-Hernandez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Hernandez R, Bernal JF, Cifuentes JF, Fandi\u00f1o LC, Herrera-S\u00e1nchez MP, Rondon-Barragan I, Verjan-Garcia N (2021) Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from broiler farms in the Tolima region, Colombia. Animals 11:970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11040970","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1965_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.31838\/srp.2020.9.71","volume":"11","author":"FM Wibisono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wibisono FM, Wibisono FJ, Effendi MH, Plumeriastuti H, Hidayatullah AR, Hartadi EB, Sofiana ED (2020) A review of salmonellosis on poultry farms: public health importance. Syst Rev Pharm 11:481\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31838\/srp.2020.9.71","journal-title":"Syst Rev Pharm"},{"key":"1965_CR3","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swayne DE (ed) (2013) Diseases of poultry, 13th edn. Wiley, Ames, IA","edition":"13"},{"key":"1965_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666","volume":"20","author":"EFSA","year":"2022","unstructured":"EFSA, ECDC (2022) The European Union One Health 2021 zoonoses report. EFSA J 20:e07666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1965_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0354-2","volume":"7","author":"H Toyofuku","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toyofuku H, Pires SM, Hald T (2011) Salmonella source attribution in Japan by a microbiological subtyping approach. EcoHealth 7(Suppl 1):S22\u2013S23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10393-010-0354-2","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"1965_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0714","volume":"8","author":"C Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo C, Hoekstra RM, Schroeder CM, Pires SM, Ong KL, Hartnett E, Naugle A, Harman J, Bennett P, Cieslak P et al (2011) Application of Bayesian techniques to model the burden of human salmonellosis attributable to U.S. food commodities at the point of processing: adaptation of a Danish model. Foodborne Pathog Dis 8:509\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2010.0714","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"1965_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1744","volume":"11","author":"SM Pires","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pires SM, Vieira AR, Hald T, Cole D (2014) Source attribution of human salmonellosis: an overview of methods and estimates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11:667\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2014.1744","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"1965_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382","volume":"315","author":"KM Thomas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomas KM, de Glanville WA, Barker GC, Benschop J, Buza JJ, Cleaveland S, Davis MA, French NP, Mmbaga BT, Prinsen G et al (2020) Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 315:108382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) Salmonella (non-typhoidal). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/salmonella-(non-typhoidal)"},{"key":"1965_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHCQA-09-2018-0214","volume":"32","author":"A Boughaba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boughaba A, Aberkane S, Fourar YO, Djebabra M (2019) Study of safety culture in healthcare institutions: case of an Algerian hospital. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 32:1081\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJHCQA-09-2018-0214","journal-title":"Int J Health Care Qual Assur"},{"key":"1965_CR11","first-page":"213","volume":"4","author":"K Mekademi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mekademi K, Saidani K (2013) Contamination of broilers by Salmonella non-Typhi in Mitidja. J Curr Res Sci 4:213\u2013217","journal-title":"J Curr Res Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.gv.2015.14.02.93176","volume":"14","author":"FA Khalafalla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khalafalla FA, Abdel-Atty NS, Abdel-Wanis SA, Hanafy AS (2015) Food poisoning microorganisms in chicken broiler meat. Glob Vet 14:211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5829\/idosi.gv.2015.14.02.93176","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"key":"1965_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.66-73","volume":"13","author":"A Djeffal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Djeffal A, Mamache B, Elgroud R, Hireche S, Bouaziz O (2020) Prevalence and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. from chicken meat marketed in the province of Skikda, Algeria. Vet World 13:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2020.66-73","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"1965_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.744","volume":"8","author":"Y Mohammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammed Y, Dubie T (2022) Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 8:1166\u20131173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.744","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20150706","volume":"46","author":"RAC Penha-Filho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Penha-Filho RAC, Ferreira JC, Kanashiro AMI, Darini ALC, Berchieri A (2016) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum isolated from ill poultry in Brazil. Cienc Rural 46:513\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-8478cr20150706","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"1965_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2070-2084","volume":"13","author":"RE Castro-Vargas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castro-Vargas RE, Herrera-Sanchez MP, Rodriguez-Hernandez R, Rondon-Barragan IS (2020) Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry: a global overview. Vet World 13:2070\u20132084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2070-2084","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"1965_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafez HM, Shehata AA (2024) Salmonella infections in turkeys. Turkey Diseases and Disorders Volume 1: Bacterial and Fungal Infectious Diseases. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 85\u2013103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63318-8_6"},{"key":"1965_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.10.002","volume":"161","author":"M Guibourdenche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guibourdenche M, Roggentin P, Mikoleit M, Fields PI, Bockem\u00fchl J, Grimont PAD, Weill FX (2010) Supplement 2003\u20132007 (47) to the White\u2013Kauffmann\u2013Le Minor scheme. Res Microbiol 161:26\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR19","volume-title":"Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars","author":"PAD Grimont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grimont PAD, Weill FX (2007) Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars. Institut Pasteur & WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Paris"},{"key":"1965_CR20","volume-title":"Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars","author":"MY Popoff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Popoff MY, Le Minor L (1992) Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 6th rev. WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris","edition":"6th rev."},{"key":"1965_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","volume":"45","author":"AW Bauer","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 45:493\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1965_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1685502","volume":"14","author":"A Granda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Granda A, Riveros M, Mart\u00ednez-Puchol S, Ocampo K, Laureano-Adame L, Corujo A, Reyes I, Ruiz J, Ochoa TJ (2019) Presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase CTX-M-65 in Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolated from children with diarrhea in Lima, Peru. J Pediatr Infect Dis 14:194\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0039-1685502","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"1965_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104660","volume":"155","author":"ZR Nadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadi ZR, Salehi TZ, Tamai IA, Foroushani AR, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 M, Dallal MMS (2020) Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of common Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from foodborne outbreaks. Microchem J 155:104660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104660","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"1965_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kossi-Touglo B, Djeri B, Sina H, Boya B, Ayadokoun GG, Baba-Moussa L, Ameyapoh Y (2025) First detection of resistance genes and virulence factors in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Togo: the case of imported chicken and frozen by-products. (Manuscript in press)","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6294549\/v1"},{"key":"1965_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/ejvs.2024.XXXXX","volume":"55","author":"S Guechtouli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guechtouli S, Messai CR, Morsli A, Hamdi TM, Khelef D (2024) Isolation, identification, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from broilers and layer hens in the central region of Algeria. Egypt J Vet Sci 55:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejvs.2024.XXXXX","journal-title":"Egypt J Vet Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR26","unstructured":"Boutaiba Benklaouz M, Aggad H, Benameur Q (2022) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of multidrug-resistant non\u2013E. coli Enterobacteriaceae from poultry in Western Algeria: resistance to first-line antimicrobial agents. (Manuscript or local publication; full reference unavailable.)"},{"key":"1965_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112359","volume":"149","author":"R Zahli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zahli R, Scheu AK, Abrini J, Copa Pati\u00f1o JL, Amajoud N, Skali-Senhaji N, Soliveri J (2021) Salmonella spp.: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of strains isolated from poultry in Tetouan, Morocco. LWT Food Sci Technol 149:112359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112359","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"1965_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9010012","volume":"9","author":"W Oueslati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oueslati W, Rjeibi MR, Benyedem H, Mamlouk A, Souissi F, Selmi R, Ettriqui A (2021) Prevalence, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of Salmonella in Northeast Tunisia broiler flocks. Veterinary Sciences 9:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci9010012","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"1965_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1885-1","volume":"15","author":"R Elkenany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elkenany R, Elsayed MM, Zakaria AI, El-Sayed SAES, Rizk MA (2019) Antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genotyping of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from broiler chickens and chicken carcasses in Egypt. BMC Vet Res 15:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-019-1885-1","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"1965_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12988","volume":"69","author":"R El Hage","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Hage R, El Rayess Y, Bonifait L, El Hafi B, Bauge L, Viscogliosi E, Hamze M, Mathieu F, Matar GM, Chemaly M (2022) A national study through a \u201cfarm-to-fork\u201d approach to determine Salmonella dissemination along the Lebanese poultry production chain. Zoonoses Public Health 69:499\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/zph.12988","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"1965_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres13040050","volume":"13","author":"SJ Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan SJ, Nordin S, Esah EM, Mahror N (2022) Salmonella spp. in chicken: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and detection methods. Microbiol Res 13:691\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microbiolres13040050","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"1965_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5410","volume":"9","author":"HR Sodagari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sodagari HR, Mashak Z, Ghadimianazar A (2015) Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes isolated from retail chicken meat and giblets in Iran. J Infect Dev Ctries 9:463\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.5410","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"1965_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.12.1911","volume":"83","author":"F Van Immerseel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Bohez L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R (2004) Intermittent long-term shedding and induction of carrier birds after infection of chickens early posthatch with a low or high dose of Salmonella Enteritidis. Poult Sci 83:1911\u20131916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ps\/83.12.1911","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091160","volume":"10","author":"AY Osman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Osman AY, Elmi SA, Simons D, Elton L, Haider N, Khan MA et al (2021) Antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. isolates from poultry farms in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Pathogens 10:1160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens10091160","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1965_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102566","volume":"102","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Vaddu S, Bhumanapalli S, Mishra A, Applegate T, Singh M et al (2023) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sources of Salmonella in poultry production (pre-harvest) and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat. Poult Sci 102:102566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102566","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00395","volume":"4","author":"S Le Hello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Le Hello S, Bekhit A, Granier SA, Barua H, Beutlich J, Zaj\u0105c M et al (2013) The global establishment of a highly fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 strain. Front Microbiol 4:395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00395","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.065","volume":"45","author":"Y Turki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turki Y, Ouzari H, Mehri I, Ben Aissa R, Hassen A (2012) Biofilm formation, virulence genes, and multidrug resistance in Salmonella Kentucky isolated in Tunisia. Food Res Int 45:940\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.065","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"1965_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2880-2890","volume":"14","author":"MP Herrera-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herrera-S\u00e1nchez MP, Castro-Vargas RE, Fandi\u00f1o-de-Rubio LC, Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez R, Rond\u00f3n-Barrag\u00e1n IS (2021) Molecular identification of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler farms and human samples obtained from two regions in Colombia. Vet World 14:2880\u20132890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2880-2890","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"1965_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104660","volume":"155","author":"ZR Nadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadi ZR, Zahraei-Salehi T, Ashrafi-Tamai I, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 M, Dallal MMS (2020) Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of common Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from foodborne outbreaks. Microchem J 155:104660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104660","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"1965_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2012.03298.x","volume":"55","author":"A Zdragas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zdragas A, Mazaraki K, Vafeas G, Giantzi V, Papadopoulos T, Ekateriniadou L (2012) Prevalence, seasonal occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in poultry retail products in Greece. Lett Appl Microbiol 55:308\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2012.03298.x","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/javs.2025.355680.1522","author":"HN Belabed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belabed HN, Heleili N, Ayachi A, Chergui M, Bennoune O (2025) The relationship of antimicrobial sensitivity and biofilm formation of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chicken farms in Biskra, Algeria. J Appl Vet Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/javs.2025.355680.1522","journal-title":"J Appl Vet Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103733","author":"MH Gharaibeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gharaibeh MH, Lafi SQ, Habib Allah AM, Al Qudsi FR (2024) Occurrence, virulence, and resistance genes in Salmonella enterica isolated from an integrated poultry company in Jordan. Poult Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103733","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1233","volume":"114","author":"KM Shea","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shea KM (2004) Nontherapeutic use of antimicrobial agents in animal agriculture: implications for pediatrics. Pediatrics 114:862\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2004-1233","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1965_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asheg AA, Otman MF, Almashri RA, Benlashehr IA, Kraim EF, Kammon AM (2023) Prevalence of Salmonella in poultry slaughterhouses located in Tripoli, Libya. (Preprint or local publication.)","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i5.17"},{"key":"1965_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070378","volume":"9","author":"AI Mustapha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustapha AI, Adetunji VO, Heikinheimo A (2020) Risk perceptions of antibiotic usage and resistance: a cross-sectional survey of poultry farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Antibiotics Basel 9:378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9070378","journal-title":"Antibiotics Basel"},{"key":"1965_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02916-9","volume":"17","author":"AH Jibril","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jibril AH, Okeke IN, Dalsgaard A, Olsen JE (2021) Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance in Salmonella from poultry farms in Nigeria. BMC Vet Res 17:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-021-02916-9","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"1965_CR47","volume-title":"Antibiogramme","author":"P Courvalin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Courvalin P, Leclercq R (2012) Antibiogramme, 3\u1d49 \u00e9d. ESKA, Paris","edition":"3\u1d49 \u00e9d."},{"key":"1965_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawakol MM, Nabil NM, Samir A, Hassan HM, Reda RM, Abdelaziz O, Hagag S, Elsayed MM (2024) Role of migratory birds as a risk factor for the transmission of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli to broiler poultry farms and their surrounding environment. (In press.)","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06958-7"},{"key":"1965_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01956","volume":"91","author":"S Bounar-Kechih","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bounar-Kechih S, Hamdi TM, Mezali L, Assaous F, Rahal K (2012) Antimicrobial resistance of 100 Salmonella strains isolated from Gallus gallus in four wilayas of Algeria. Poult Sci 91:1179\u20131185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.2011-01956","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1965_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02430-0","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang H, Li T, Liu F, Cheng Y, Guo X, Zhang T (2020) Characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from chickens in Central China. BMC Vet Res 16:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-020-02430-0","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"1965_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817794","volume-title":"Bacteria versus antibacterial agents: an integrated approach","author":"OA Mascaretti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mascaretti OA (2003) Bacteria versus antibacterial agents: an integrated approach. ASM, Washington, DC"},{"key":"1965_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akinbami OR, Olofinsae S, Ayeni FA (2018) Prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant genes in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, and Citrobacter freundii isolated from poultry in southwestern Nigeria. PeerJ 6:e5053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.5053","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5053"},{"key":"1965_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000032","volume":"18","author":"EM Saliu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saliu EM, Vahjen W, Zentek J (2017) Types and prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry. Anim Health Res Rev 18:46\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1466252317000032","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"1965_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.11.004","volume":"13","author":"S Chabou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chabou S, Leulmi H, Davoust B, Aouadi A, Rolain JM (2018) Prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase- and carbapenemase-encoding genes in poultry faeces from Algeria and Marseille, France. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 13:28\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.11.004","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"1965_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.011","volume":"281","author":"P Von Tippelskirch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Von Tippelskirch P, G\u00f6lz G, Projahn M, Daehre K, Friese A, Roesler U, Alter T, Orquera S (2018) Prevalence and quantitative analysis of ESBL- and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in broiler chicken during slaughter in Germany. Int J Food Microbiol 281:82\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.011","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR56","first-page":"127","volume":"161","author":"B Karraouan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karraouan B, Fassouane A, El Ossmani H, Cohen N, Charafeddine O, Bouchrif B (2010) Prevalence and virulence genes of Salmonella in raw minced meat from turkey in Casablanca, Morocco. Rev Med Vet (Toulouse) 161:127\u2013132","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet (Toulouse)"},{"key":"1965_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9571(99)00082-8","volume":"23","author":"YM Abouzeed","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abouzeed YM, Hariharan H, Poppe C, Kibenge FSB (2000) Characterization of Salmonella isolates from beef cattle, broiler chickens, and human sources on Prince Edward Island. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 23:253\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0147-9571(99)00082-8","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1965_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr307","volume":"66","author":"S Boisram\u00e9-Gastrin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boisram\u00e9-Gastrin S, Tand\u00e9 D, M\u00fcnck MR, Gouriou S, Nordmann P, Naas T (2011) Salmonella carriage in adopted children from Mali: 2001\u20132008. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:2271\u20132276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkr307","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1965_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2196","volume":"6","author":"WK Sang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sang WK, Oundo V, Schnabel D (2012) Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhoea in four provinces of Kenya. J Infect Dev Ctries 6:572\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.2196","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"1965_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1284929","volume":"14","author":"LJ Bartsch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bartsch LJ, Borowiak M, Deneke C, Gruetzke J, Hammerl JA, Malorny B et al (2023) Genetic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Agona isolated from a dietary supplement in Germany. Front Microbiol 14:1284929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1284929","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1965_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13111052","volume":"13","author":"A Sakagianni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sakagianni A, Koufopoulou C, Koufopoulos P, Kalantzi S, Theodorakis N, Nikolaou M et al (2024) Data-driven approaches in antimicrobial resistance: machine learning solutions. Antibiotics 13:1052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13111052","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1965_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.061","volume":"129","author":"S Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang S, Wang Y, Song H, Lu J, Yuan Z, Guo J (2019) Copper nanoparticles and copper ions promote horizontal transfer of plasmid-mediated multi-antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genera. Environ Int 129:478\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.061","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1965_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.31642","volume":"71","author":"O Adebowale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adebowale O, Adeyemo O (2018) Characterization of bacterium types isolated from commercial laying hen farms in Ogun State, Nigeria. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 71:137\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19182\/remvt.31642","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T12:37:56Z","timestamp":1779107876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01965-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1517-8382","1678-4405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1517-8382","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Committee for the Protection of Animals of the National Administration of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Algeria (Act No. 98-11, August 22, 1998).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}