{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:18:05Z","timestamp":1790803085168,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008132","name":"Universidade Federal De Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz J Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are severe complications of arthroplasty in which biofilm formation on implant surfaces compromises microbiological diagnosis and antimicrobial efficacy. Although staphylococci remain the predominant pathogens, Gram-negative bacilli have increasingly been associated with diagnostic failure and unfavorable clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the formation, maturation, and structural organization of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial biofilms and to investigate the effects of a standardized sonication protocol on biofilm disruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biofilms of\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 43300),\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 35984),\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 25922), and\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ATCC 53278) were formed on polyethylene catheter segments for 24, 48, and 72\u00a0h and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A standardized sonication protocol was applied to disrupt the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, and the resulting sonication fluid was subsequently cultured. Complementary semi-quantitative image-based analysis was performed to compare structural changes after sonication.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All species developed progressively mature biofilms over time, with increased structural complexity and EPS accumulation at later stages. Gram-positive bacteria formed denser and more compact biofilms, whereas Gram-negative species exhibited more heterogeneous and multilayered architectures. Sonication consistently disrupted biofilm integrity across all species and maturation stages, leading to fragmentation of the EPS matrix and increased cellular dispersion. Semi-quantitative image-based analysis suggested greater dispersion in Gram-negative biofilms and reduction of biofilm structural area in Gram-positive species, with more pronounced effects observed in\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Bacterial growth was observed in cultures obtained from the sonication fluid after the procedure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The standardized sonication protocol effectively disrupted biofilms formed by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, promoting the release of bacterial cells from the biofilm matrix and reinforcing the potential role of sonication as a complementary diagnostic approach for prosthetic joint infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:14:05Z","timestamp":1780312445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of sonication on staphylococcal and gram-negative biofilms relevant to prosthetic joint infections: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5019-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natally Dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Regina Pedrosa","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8017-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Andr\u00e9 Brayner","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio Ramos","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-04958-x","volume":"45","author":"R Treb\u0161e","year":"2021","unstructured":"Treb\u0161e R, Ro\u0161kar S (2021) Evaluation and interpretation of prosthetic joint infection diagnostic investigations. Int Orthop 45(4):847\u2013855","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"1986_CR2","unstructured":"Romero I.F.; Nieto A.R (2021) Procesamiento de muestras osteoarticulares para diagn\u00f3stico microbiol\u00f3gico: resultados de una encuesta multic\u00e9ntrica nacional. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"1986_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12687","volume":"125","author":"W Zimmerli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zimmerli W, Sendi P (2017) Orthopaedic biofilm infections. APMIS 125(4):353\u2013364","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"9","key":"1986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","volume":"14","author":"H-C Flemming","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flemming H-C, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2016) Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(9):563\u2013575","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054320","volume":"24","author":"CO Vrancianu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vrancianu CO, Serban B, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Czobor Barbu I, Cristian RE, Chifiriuc MC, Cirstoiu C (2023) The challenge of periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis: from current methods to emerging biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 24(5):4320","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.01.015","volume":"146","author":"S Sebastian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sebastian S, Malhotra R, Sreenivas V, Kapil A, Chaudhry R, Dhawan B (2018) Sonication of orthopaedic implants: a valuable technique for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections. J Microbiol Methods 146:51\u201354","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"1986_CR7","unstructured":"Karbysheva S (2021) Comparison of sonication with chemical biofilm dislodgement methods using chelating and reducing agents: implications for the microbiological diagnosis of implant-associated infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 5(11)."},{"key":"1986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-3006-1","volume":"20","author":"P Bellova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellova P et al (2019) Sonication of retrieved implants improves sensitivity in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20:623","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"1986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061588","volume":"357","author":"A Trampuz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trampuz A, Piper KE, Jacobson MJ, Hanssen AD, Unni KK, Osmon DR et al (2007) Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N Engl J Med 357:654\u2013663","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2015_5007","volume":"897","author":"A Oliva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oliva A, Pavone P, D\u2019Abramo A, Iannetta M, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V (2016) Role of sonication in the microbiological diagnosis of implant-associated infections: beyond the orthopedic prosthesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 897:85\u2013102","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398461","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1398461","volume":"14","author":"NDS de Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva NDS, De Melo BST, Oliva A, de Ara\u00fajo (2024) P.S.R. Sonication protocols and their contributions to the microbiological diagnosis of implant-associated infections: a review of the current scenario. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14:1398461","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14080802","volume":"14","author":"AC Scalia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scalia AC, Najmi Z (2025) Targeting bacterial biofilms on medical implants: current and emerging approaches. Antibiotics 14:802","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cieslinski J.; Ribeiro V.S.T.; Kraft L.; Suss P.H.; Rosa E.; Morello L.G.; Pillonetto M (2021) Tuon F.F. Direct detection of microorganisms in sonicated orthopedic devices after in vitro biofilm production and different processing conditions. J Bone Joint Infect 6(2).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-020-02856-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"1986_CR14","first-page":"700","volume":"29","author":"A Macias-Valcayo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Macias-Valcayo A, Aguilera-Correa J-J, Broncano A, Parron R, Au\u00f1on A, Garc\u00eda-Ca\u00f1ete J, Blanco A, Esteban J (2023) Comparative in vitro study of biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility in Gram-negative bacilli isolated from prosthetic joint infections. Microb Drug Resist 29(6):700\u2013709","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050504","volume":"14","author":"J Scaffo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scaffo J, Lima RD, Dobrotka C, Ribeiro TAN, Pereira RFA, Sachs D, Ferreira RBR, Aguiar-Alves F (2025) An\u00e1lise in vitro das intera\u00e7\u00f5es entre Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa durante a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de biofilme. Antibi\u00f3ticos 14(5):504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14050504","journal-title":"Antibi\u00f3ticos"},{"key":"1986_CR16","first-page":"e02066","volume":"65","author":"JM Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson JM (2021) Mouse model of Gram-negative prosthetic joint infection reveals therapeutic targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 65:e02066\u2013e02020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1986_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"Y Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon Y, Hong J, Choi S, Kim H, Sohn HM, Jo S (2022) Biofilm growth on different materials used in contemporary femoral head prosthesis: an in vitro study. J Orthop Res 40:1\u20139","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1986_CR18","first-page":"547","volume":"30","author":"N Benito","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benito N et al (2024) Time trends in the etiology of prosthetic joint infections: a multicenter cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 30(4):547\u2013554","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"1986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-01203","volume":"33","author":"MR Gonzalez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonzalez MR, Gonzalez J, Patel RV, Werenski JO, Lizcano JD, Lozano-Calderon SA (2025) Gram-negative PJI Collaborative Group. Microbiology, treatment, and postoperative outcomes of Gram-negative prosthetic joint infections: a systematic review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 33(6):e327\u2013e339","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040366","volume":"13","author":"A van Zouitni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zouitni A, van Oldenrijk J, Bos PK, Croughs PD, Yusuf E, Veltman ES (2024) Evaluating the clinical relevance of routine sonication for periprosthetic hip or knee joint infection diagnosis. Antibiotics 13(4):366","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2693-1","volume":"17","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-Sampedro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Sampedro M, Fari\u00f1as-\u00c1lvarez C, Garc\u00e9s-Zarzalejo C et al (2017) Accuracy of different diagnostic tests for early, delayed and late prosthetic joint infections. BMC Infect Dis 17:592","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouitni A.; Bos P.K.; Vogel M (2025) Croughs P.; Slobbe L.; Claus P.E.; van Oldenrijk J.; Veltman E.S.; Yusuf E. Impact of sonication fluid cultures on prosthetic joint infection diagnosis and management: a microbiology-driven evaluation using IDSA and EBJIS criteria. Clin Infect Dis 391.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf391"},{"key":"1986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02052-3","volume":"15","author":"ET Sandbakken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandbakken ET, Wits\u00f8 E, Sporsheim B, Egeberg KW, Foss OA, Hoang L, Bjerkan G, L\u00f8seth K, Bergh K (2020) Highly variable effect of sonication to dislodge biofilm-embedded Staphylococcus epidermidis directly quantified by epifluorescence microscopy: an in vitro model study. J Orthop Surg Res 15:522","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"1986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040836","volume":"13","author":"TA Schweizer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schweizer TA, Egli A, Bosshard PP, Achermann Y (2025) Saponin improves recovery of bacteria from orthopedic implants for enhanced ex vivo diagnosis. Microorganisms 13:836","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.45006","volume":"5","author":"M van Hoekstra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoekstra M, Veltman ES, Nurmohamed R, van Dijk B, Rentenaar RJ, van Vogely HC (2020) B.C.H. Sonication leads to clinically relevant changes in treatment of periprosthetic hip or knee joint infection. J Bone Joint Infect 5:128\u2013132","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Infect"},{"key":"1986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03662-3","volume":"18","author":"G Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng G, Liu Q, Guan Z et al (2023) Diagnostic accuracy of sonication fluid cultures from prosthetic components in periprosthetic joint infection: an updated diagnostic meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 18:175","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae159","volume":"11","author":"JA Otero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Otero JA, Karau MJ, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Abdel MP, Mandrekar J, Patel R (2024) Evaluation of sonicate fluid culture cutoff points for periprosthetic joint infection diagnosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 11(5):ofae159","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.29731","volume":"3","author":"C Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li C, Renz N, Ojeda Thies C, Trampuz A (2018) Meta-analysis of sonicate fluid in blood culture bottles for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Infect 3(5):273\u2013279","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"1986_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00319-18","volume":"56","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yuan Q, Karau MJ, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Mandrekar JN, Osmon DR, Abdel MP, Patel R (2018) Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of periprosthetic tissue culture in blood culture bottles to prosthesis sonicate fluid culture by Bayesian latent class modelling and IDSA PJI criteria. J Clin Microbiol 56(6):e00319-18","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13050942","volume":"13","author":"I Beguiristain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beguiristain I, Henriquez L, Sancho I, Martin C, Hidalgo-Ovejero A, Ezpeleta C, Portillo ME (2023) Direct prosthetic joint infection diagnosis from sonication fluid inoculated in blood culture bottles by direct MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Diagnostics 13(5):942","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1986_CR31","first-page":"531","volume":"86","author":"M Fantoni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fantoni M, Borr\u00e8 S, Rostagno R, Riccio G, Carrega G, Giovannenze F, Taccari F (2023) Epidemiological and clinical features of prosthetic joint infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. J Infect 86(5):531\u2013539","journal-title":"J Infect"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1780312447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01986-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1517-8382","1678-4405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1517-8382","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"161"}}