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First, 120 bacterial isolates were collected from conjunctival swabs of 49 healthy volunteers (aged 18 to 77 years). Isolates were characterized by phenotypic analyses, and 68 of them were confirmed as staphylococci by MALDI-TOF\/MS and a multiplex PCR assay. The\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200968) were tested for resistance to the most relevant clinical antibiotics. Clonal relationships among isolates were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    A and\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    C, as well as\n                    <jats:italic>pvl<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, was investigated.\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (74%) was the major identified species, followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus xylosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (7%). A high incidence of resistance was detected against gentamicin (64%), erythromycin (62%), and penicillin (51%). Moreover, 33 isolates (48%) exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes, and the two\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains harbouring the\n                    <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes exhibited the highest resistance. A marked heterogeneity among isolates, mostly for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was revealed, clustering them into 20 and 4 genotypes, respectively. The prevalence of the same clones, isolated from different volunteers, across the three species, and the different phenotypic resistance patterns within the same PFGE type, was observed. These findings corroborate that staphylococci constitute a significant component of the ocular microbiota in healthy individuals; however, their exhibited antimicrobial resistance profiles are of concern.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:05:45Z","timestamp":1782288345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic characterization, molecular typing, and clonal relatedness within Staphylococcus isolates in healthy ocular conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Finocchiaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunziatina","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzio A.","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Gajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Scalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wioleta","family":"Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2688-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Caggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia L.","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1999_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.06.003","volume":"117","author":"MDP Willcox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Willcox MDP (2013) Characterization of the normal microbiota of the ocular surface. 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Surv Ophthalmol 66:907\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.03.010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:05:46Z","timestamp":1782288346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-026-01999-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1517-8382","1678-4405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1517-8382","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Local Ethics Committee (CEL, Catania 2: Approval Number: 45\/CEL). All procedures performed in this study complied with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The study adhered to all relevant ethical guidelines for research involving human participants, including institutional, national, and international standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics guidelines compliance"}},{"value":"Participants were informed of the study\u2019s purpose\n                      via\n                      a written consent form and provided the signed informed consent before participating. All survey responses were collected anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was obtained. Anonymity and confidentiality were fully guaranteed.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants consented to the publication of their anonymized data for academic purposes by written informed consent.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. In addition, the authors declare that they do not have any personal, financial, professional, political, or legal interests with a significant chance of interfering with the performance of their ethical or legal duties.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial interests"}}],"article-number":"182"}}