{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:20:45Z","timestamp":1785788445858,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Cear\u00e1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz J Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The increase in fungal infections, the limited therapeutic arsenal, and the emergence of resistance pose a global health problem.\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. stand out as opportunistic pathogens that cause superficial and invasive diseases. Thus, the search for new therapeutic alternatives, such as drug repositioning, is necessary. Duloxetine (DUL), a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant used to treat depression, has demonstrated antifungal activity and potentiates the effects of conventional antifungals in vitro. The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro activity of duloxetine (DUL) against resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. strains. To this end, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of DUL alone and in combination with conventional antifungals was determined in order to evaluate the type of interaction between them, as well as the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The activity of DUL against mature and developing biofilms was evaluated, in addition to the possible antifungal mechanism of action. DUL showed MICs of 16 to 128\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL with a fungicidal action profile, and when combined there was synergistic interaction with amphotericin B (AMB). In biofilms, DUL exhibited antibiofilm activity and enhanced AMB activity against developing, but not mature, biofilms. Mechanism of action analysis showed that DUL promoted oxidative stress, evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced GSH levels, mitochondrial depolarization, and phosphatidylserine externalization, suggesting the activation of the apoptotic pathway as a possible mechanism of cell death. The pro-oxidant effects of DUL were evident in\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains deficient in antioxidant defenses (\n                    <jats:italic>cap1\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>gpx3\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) compared to the wild-type strain. DUL exhibited antibiofilm activity and enhanced AMB activity against developing, but not mature, biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:26:50Z","timestamp":1785785210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Duloxetine repositioning: Investigation of antifungal and antibiofilm activity against fluconazole-sensitive and resistant Candida Spp. strains"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Sarah Alves","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1vylla R\u00eannia Saldanha","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilson Carvalho","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Elloyse","family":"de Almeida Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vit\u00f3ria Pessoa de Farias","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Sampaio","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Oliveira","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lio Vitoriano","family":"Nobre J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia Gurgel Do Amaral Valente","family":"Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Co\u00ealho","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islay Lima","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"de Oliveira Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel Odorico","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Batista","family":"de Andrade Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia Rocha","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2038_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","volume":"24","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Denning DW (2024) Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 24:e428\u2013e438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2038_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses4040041","volume":"4","author":"D Elia\u0161","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elia\u0161 D, T\u00f3th Hervay N, Gbelsk\u00e1 Y (2024) Ergosterol biosynthesis and regulation impact antifungal resistance and virulence of Candida spp. Stresses 4:641\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/stresses4040041","journal-title":"Stresses"},{"key":"2038_CR3","volume-title":"WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. WHO, Geneva. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240060241"},{"key":"2038_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115895","volume":"23","author":"P Czechowicz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Czechowicz P, Nowicka J, Go\u015bciniak G (2022) Virulence factors of Candida spp. and host immune response in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Int J Mol Sci 23:5895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23115895","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2038_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berto C, Hermes DM (2023) Bases of antifungal resistance: an annotated review. Biological and Health Sciences: Integration of Knowledge in Different Contexts, vol 3. Editor Cient\u00edfico Digital, pp 52\u201372","DOI":"10.37885\/221211599"},{"key":"2038_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10050328","volume":"10","author":"M Peri\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peri\u0107 M, Mili\u010di\u0107 B, Kuzmanovi\u0107 Pfi\u0107er J, \u017divkovi\u0107 R, Arsi\u0107 Arsenijevi\u0107 V (2024) Denture stomatitis: systematic review of predisposing factors, clinical features, etiology, and distribution of Candida spp. J Fungi 10:328","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2038_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-032521-015858","volume":"77","author":"A Chowdhary","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chowdhary A, Jain K, Chauhan N (2023) Candida auris genetics and emergence. Annu Rev Microbiol 77:583\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-032521-015858","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2038_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5810","DOI":"10.54751\/revistafoco.v17n9-006","volume":"17","author":"TC Ara\u00fajo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo TC, Ara\u00fajo GFL, Santos KS, Veloso TRM, Costa LR, Dourado JS, Silva Filho JC, Mendon\u00e7a Junior WVL, Costa NCA, Santos VAP, Bezerra MLM, Oliveira JCB, Serra ICPB (2024) Antifungal resistance mechanisms: exploration of molecular and genetic aspects. Rev Foco 17(9):e5810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54751\/revistafoco.v17n9-006","journal-title":"Rev Foco"},{"issue":"2","key":"2038_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.51891\/rease.v12i2.24119","volume":"12","author":"LS Sa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sa LS (2026) Main mechanisms of fungal resistance to antifungal agents: a narrative review. Rev Ibero-Am Humanid Cienc Educ 12(2):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51891\/rease.v12i2.24119","journal-title":"Rev Ibero-Am Humanid Cienc Educ"},{"key":"2038_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21577\/1984-6835.20240065","volume":"17","author":"MC dos Santos","year":"2025","unstructured":"dos Santos MC, Caruso L, K\u00fcmmerle AE, Lacerda RB (2025) Drug repositioning: new uses for old drugs. Rev Virtual Quim 17:3","journal-title":"Rev Virtual Quim"},{"key":"2038_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554899","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.554899","volume":"11","author":"D Rodrigues-Amorim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Amorim D, Olivares JM, Spuch C, Rivera-Baltan\u00e1s T (2020) Systematic review of efficacy, safety and tolerability of duloxetine. Front Psychiatry 11:554899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.554899","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2038_CR12","unstructured":"Dhaliwal JS, Spurling BC, Molla M (2023) Duloxetine. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan\u2013. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK548820\/. PMID: 31747213"},{"key":"2038_CR13","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2008) Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. CLSI M27-A3"},{"key":"2038_CR14","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2012) Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. CLSI M27-S4"},{"key":"2038_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2011.03.016","volume":"17","author":"ZN Siddiqui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siddiqui ZN, Farooq F, Musthafa TNM et al (2013) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel halopyrazole derivatives. J Saudi Chem Soc 17:237\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jscs.2011.03.016","journal-title":"J Saudi Chem Soc"},{"key":"2038_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","volume":"52","author":"FC Odds","year":"2003","unstructured":"Odds FC (2003) Synergy, antagonism and what the chequerboard puts between them. J Antimicrob Chemother 52:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2038_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0174654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174654","volume":"12","author":"P Jorge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jorge P et al (2017) Searching for new strategies against biofilm infections: Colistin\u2013AMP combinations. PLoS ONE 12:e0174654","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2038_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030227","volume":"14","author":"L P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez L et al (2025) Preventive activity of an arginine-based surfactant against biofilms of Candida albicans and ESBL E. coli on catheters. Antibiotics 14:227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14030227","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2038_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030227","volume":"14","author":"L P\u00e9rez","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez L et al (2025) Preventive activity of an arginine-based surfactant on mixed biofilm formation by fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli on central venous catheters. Antibiotics 14:227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14030227","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2038_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108343","volume":"213","author":"L Carvalho de Oliveira","year":"2026","unstructured":"Carvalho de Oliveira L et al (2026) Antifungal and molecular analysis of haloperidol in Candida spp. Microb Pathog 213:108343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108343","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2038_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01477-w","volume":"55","author":"LEA Moreira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreira LEA et al (2024) Antifungal activity of tannic acid against Candida spp. Braz J Microbiol 55:3679\u20133690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-024-01477-w","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2038_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001526","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001526","volume":"71","author":"C Rocha da Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocha da Silva C et al (2022) Antifungal effect of chlorogenic acid against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. J Med Microbiol 71:001526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001526","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2038_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0146","volume":"17","author":"LJ Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva LJ et al (2022) Antifungal activity of dexamethasone against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 17:607\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fmb-2021-0146","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2038_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00966-12","volume":"57","author":"CR da Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"da Silva CR et al (2013) Synergistic effects of amiodarone and fluconazole on Candida tropicalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:1691\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00966-12","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2038_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00026a012","volume":"5","author":"CP LeBel","year":"1992","unstructured":"LeBel CP, Ischiropoulos H, Bondy SC (1992) Evaluation of DCF probe for ROS detection. Chem Res Toxicol 5:227\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx00026a012","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2038_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093698","volume":"9","author":"JBA Neto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neto JBA et al (2014) Antifungal activity of naphthoquinoidal compounds against Candida spp. PLoS ONE 9:e93698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0093698","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2038_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.2026.2616853","author":"DS Rodrigues","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rodrigues DS et al (2026) Antifungal effects of paroxetine and fluoxetine and synergy with antifungals. Mycologia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00275514.2026.2616853","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"2038_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1021\/tx200180y","volume":"24","author":"BC Cavalcanti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cavalcanti BC et al (2011) Genotoxicology of nor-\u03b2-lapachone. Chem Res Toxicol 24:1560\u20131574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx200180y","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2038_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","volume":"19","author":"MJ Patterson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patterson MJ et al (2013) Ybp1 and Gpx3 signaling govern Cap1 oxidation in Candida albicans. Antioxid Redox Signal 19:2244\u20132260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2038_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)50954-X","volume":"350","author":"F Sherman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sherman F (2002) Getting started with yeast. Methods Enzymol 350:3\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0076-6879(02)50954-X","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"2038_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4550","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00313-10","volume":"30","author":"A da Silva Dantas","year":"2010","unstructured":"da Silva Dantas A, Patterson MJ, Smith DA, Maccallum DM, Erwig LP, Morgan BA, Quinn J (2010) Thioredoxin regulates multiple hydrogen peroxide-induced signaling pathways in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol 30:4550\u20134563","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2038_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","volume":"19","author":"MJ Patterson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patterson MJ, McKenzie CG, Smith DA, da Silva Dantas A, Sherston S, Veal EA, Morgan BA, MacCallum DM, Erwig LP, Quinn J (2013) Ybp1 and Gpx3 signaling in Candida albicans govern hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation of the Cap1 transcription factor and macrophage escape. Antioxid Redox Signal 19(18):2244\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2038_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pierce CG, Uppuluri P, Tristan AR, Wormley FL Jr, Mowat E, Ramage G, Lopez-Ribot JL (2008) A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing. Nat Protoc 3(9):1494\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2008.141","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.141"},{"key":"2038_CR34","unstructured":"Lima YP, Bastos LQDA, Bastos VQDA, Bastos RV, Bastos YS, Bastos AN, Machado ABF, Watanabe AAS, Diniz CG, Silva VL, Dias VC (2023) Epidemiology of Candida spp. infections in community and hospitalized patients in Juiz de Fora, MG. In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. pp. 177\u2013186"},{"key":"2038_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18502\/aptj.v5i1.18132","volume":"5","author":"E Momeni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Momeni E et al (2025) Antifungal effects of duloxetine with fluconazole. Adv Pharmacol Ther J 5:20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/aptj.v5i1.18132","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Ther J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2038_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202220211021","volume":"94","author":"RT Menezes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menezes RT, Pereira TC, Junqueira JC, Oliveira LD, Scorzoni L (2022) Synergistic combination of duloxetine hydrochloride and fluconazole reduces the cell growth and capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans. An Acad Bras Cienc 94(2):e20211021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765202220211021","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"2038_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.09.025","volume":"48","author":"LA Sena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sena LA, Chandel NS (2012) Roles of mitochondrial ROS. Mol Cell 48:158\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.09.025","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2038_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110886","volume":"7","author":"EV Grosfeld","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grosfeld EV et al (2021) Yeast cell death induced by external factors. J Fungi 7:886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7110886","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2038_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.019","volume":"40","author":"Y Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2006) Cap1p in oxidative stress response. Free Radic Biol Med 40:1201\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2038_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011455","volume":"20","author":"KA Swenson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swenson KA, Min K, Konopka JB (2024) Candida albicans pathways that protect against organic peroxides and lipid peroxidation. PLoS Genet 20(10):e1011455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011455","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2038_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v14i2.28511","volume":"14","author":"RA Joly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joly RA, Islam MR, Sultana S, Rahman A, Sultan MZ, Islam MS, Hasnat A (2016) Interaction of duloxetine hydrochloride with deoxyribonucleic acid measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Braz J Microbiol 14(2):199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/dujps.v14i2.28511","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2038_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01459-y","volume":"55","author":"VP de Farias Cabral","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Farias Cabral VP et al (2024) Anti-Candida activity of tricyclic antidepressants with amphotericin B. Braz J Microbiol 55:3617\u20133628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-024-01459-y","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2038_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9100955","volume":"9","author":"Z Malinovsk\u00e1","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malinovsk\u00e1 Z, \u010conkov\u00e1 E, V\u00e1czi P (2023) Biofilm in Candida species of medical importance. J Fungi 9:955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof9100955","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2038_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-024-01164-1","volume":"69","author":"AR Rehem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rehem AR, da Gama Viveiro LR, De Souza Santos EL, do Carmo PHF, da Silva NS, Junqueira JC, Scorzoni L (2024) Antifungal and antibiofilm effect of duloxetine hydrochloride against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 69:1247\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-024-01164-1","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"2038_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-016-0105-6","volume":"7","author":"A Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh A, Bali A (2016) Formulation and characterization of transdermal patches for controlled delivery of duloxetine hydrochloride. J Anal Sci Technol 7:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40543-016-0105-6","journal-title":"J Anal Sci Technol"},{"key":"2038_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48317","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c07676","volume":"8","author":"G Periyasami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Periyasami G, Karuppiah P, Karthikeyan P, Palaniappan S (2023) Anti-infective efficacy of duloxetine against catheter-associated urinary tract infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. ACS Omega 8:48317\u201348325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c07676","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:26:52Z","timestamp":1785785212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02038-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1517-8382","1678-4405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1517-8382","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (protocol code 161\/2014).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclosure\u00a0statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"226"}}