{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:30:12Z","timestamp":1787056212245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Braz J Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:52:43Z","timestamp":1787053963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["development and in vitro characterization of a Trichoderma-based biopesticide for the management of Fusarium solani in tomato"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6167-9266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thulfiqear A.","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aqeel N.","family":"AL-Abedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AbdulZahra J.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Spl. Issue","key":"2062_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.61180\/vegsci.2024.v51.spl.06","volume":"51","author":"AN Tripathi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tripathi AN, Maurya S, Pandey KK, Behera TK (2024) Global scenario of vegetable fungal diseases. Veg Sci 51(Spl. Issue):54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61180\/vegsci.2024.v51.spl.06","journal-title":"Veg Sci"},{"key":"2062_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2025.1653214","author":"MC Ogwu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogwu MC (2025) Nanotechnology for fungal pathogen control in crops: implications for yield losses and food supply. Front Fungal Biology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ffunb.2025.1653214. accepted article","journal-title":"Front Fungal Biology"},{"key":"2062_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abd GI, Salih MAJ, Ahmed HE, Alani MH, Abed BM (2025), February The Role of Chemical Pesticides in Environmental Pollution and Ecological Imbalance. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1449, No. 1, p. 012145). IOP Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1449\/1\/012145\/meta","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1449\/1\/012145\/meta"},{"key":"2062_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bader AN, Graciela LS, Fernanda C, Ver\u00f3nica FC (2020) Bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum in solid substrate and effects of its application on pepper plants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24215\/16699513e037","DOI":"10.24215\/16699513e037"},{"issue":"7","key":"2062_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11070517","volume":"11","author":"MB Contreras-Soto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Contreras-Soto MB, Tovar-Pedraza JM, Solano-B\u00e1ez AR, Bayardo-Rosales H, M\u00e1rquez-Licona G (2025) Biocontrol Strategies Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Using Trichoderma spp.: Mechanisms, Applications, and Management Perspectives. J Fungi 11(7):517. https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2309-608X\/11\/7\/517","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2062_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160551","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1160551","volume":"14","author":"X Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao X, Guo H, Zhang K, Zhao M, Ruan J, Chen J (2023) Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Front Microbiol 14:1160551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1160551","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2062_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jabbar TA, ALAbedy AN, Ali AJ (2026) Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of biological agent (Trichoderma), chemical agent (Beltanol), and nanocoatings (Nano-Chitosan) in controlling Fusarium solani fungus. J Food Sci Technol (Iran) 23(174). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48311\/fsct.2026.119715.83091","DOI":"10.48311\/fsct.2026.119715.83091"},{"key":"2062_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18805\/ag.D-5825","author":"MM Muteab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Muteab MM, Al-Abedy AN (2025) Genetic diversity of Trichoderma spp. isolated from soils in the Iraqi environment. Agricultural Sci Digest. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18805\/ag.D-5825","journal-title":"Agricultural Sci Digest"},{"key":"2062_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470278376","volume-title":"The Fusarium laboratory manual","author":"JF Leslie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leslie JF, Summerell BA (2006) The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing"},{"issue":"2","key":"2062_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","volume":"18","author":"WS Abbott","year":"1925","unstructured":"Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18(2):265\u2013267","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2062_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark FE (1965) Agar-plants method for total microbial count. In: Norman AG (ed) Methods of soil analysis: part 2 chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 1460\u20131466","DOI":"10.2134\/agronmonogr9.2.c48"},{"key":"2062_CR12","volume-title":"Suppression of Fusarium wilt by Pseudomonas spp","author":"BJ Duijff","year":"1994","unstructured":"Duijff BJ (1994) Suppression of Fusarium wilt by Pseudomonas spp. University Utrecht Press"},{"key":"2062_CR13","volume-title":"Design and analysis of agricultural experiments","author":"KM Al-Rawi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Al-Rawi KM, Abdulaziz MK (2000) Design and analysis of agricultural experiments, 2nd ed. College of Agriculture, University of Mosul, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Republic of Iraq","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2062_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140378","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1140378","volume":"14","author":"AE Sehim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sehim AE, Hewedy OA, Altammar KA, Alhumaidi MS, Abd Elghaffar RY (2023) Trichoderma asperellum empowers tomato plants and suppresses Fusarium oxysporum through priming responses. Front Microbiol 14:1140378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1140378","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2062_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4495688","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4495688","volume":"2022","author":"MD Abdulrahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdulrahman MD, Zakariya AM, Hama HA, Hamad SW, Al-Rawi SS, Bradosty SW, Ibrahim AH (2022) Ethnopharmacology, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Composition of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.: A Review. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022(1):4495688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4495688","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2062_CR16","unstructured":"Al-Asadi AAAO (2020) Molecular diagnosis of Trichoderma spp. isolates and the production of a biocidal agent and its effect in controlling the fungus Fusarium brachygibbosum causing seed rot and seedling death of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Master\u2019s Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, Iraq"},{"issue":"4","key":"2062_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.21608\/jenvbs.2020.45046.1109","volume":"4","author":"NT Faleh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faleh NT, Kamel S, Elsakhawy T, El-Dein Omara A, Bayoumi Y, El-Ramady H (2020) Sustainable approaches of Trichoderma under changing environments for vegetable production. Environ Biodivers Soil Secur 4(4):291\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/jenvbs.2020.45046.1109","journal-title":"Environ Biodivers Soil Secur"},{"key":"2062_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bader AN, Graciela LS, Fernanda C, Ver\u00f3nica FC (2020) Bioformulation of Trichoderma harzianum in solid substrate and effects of its application on pepper plants. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24215\/16699513e037","DOI":"10.24215\/16699513e037"},{"key":"2062_CR19","unstructured":"Amin AMM (2021) Evaluation of the interaction between some Trichoderma spp. isolates and the fungicide Topsin M in controlling okra root rot. Master\u2019s Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, Iraq"},{"key":"2062_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157609","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1157609","volume":"14","author":"DA Martinez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez DA, Gonzalez R, Lopez J (2023) Metal ion homeostasis and oxidative stress in fungi: implications for growth and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 14:1157609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1157609","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2062_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2023.2166869","volume":"37","author":"A Lyubenova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lyubenova A, Rusanova M, Nikolova M, Slavov SB (2023) Plant extracts and Trichoderma spp.: possibilities for implementation in agriculture as biopesticides. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 37(1):159\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13102818.2023.2166869","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip"},{"key":"2062_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Mandal, D., Azad, C. S., Kumar, R., Singh, S. S., Kumari, N., \u2026 Parmar,B. (2025). Assessment of the morphological, molecular and environmental adaptability of the native Trichodermaisolates for biocontrol applications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6989372\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6989372\/v1"},{"issue":"1","key":"2062_CR23","first-page":"23","volume":"50","author":"SS Veena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Veena SS, Vinod C, Sreekumar J, Karthikeyan S, Jeeva ML (2024) Assessment of variability in temperature tolerance and antagonistic activity among Trichoderma isolates for biological control applications. J Root Crops 50(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/journal.isrc.in\/index.php\/jrc\/article\/view\/667","journal-title":"J Root Crops"},{"issue":"9","key":"2062_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11091771","volume":"11","author":"G Carro-Huerga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carro-Huerga G, Mayo-Prieto S, Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez \u00c1, \u00c1lvarez-Garc\u00eda S, Guti\u00e9rrez S, Casquero PA (2021) The influence of temperature on the growth, sporulation, colonization, and survival of Trichoderma spp. in grapevine pruning wounds. Agronomy 11(9):1771","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2062_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081206","volume":"11","author":"JP Cabral-Miramontes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabral-Miramontes JP, Olmedo-Monfil V, Lara-Banda M, Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Romo ER, Ar\u00e9chiga-Carvajal ET (2022) Promotion of plant growth in arid zones by selected Trichoderma spp. strains with adaptation plasticity to alkaline pH. Biology 11(8):1206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11081206","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2062_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kadhim MJ, Sayed A, Al-Samad Al-Arab SFA, E. H. and, Ahmed AN (2025) Tolerance to abiotic stresses of Trichoderma viride and its antagonistic effects on Alternaria alternata causing leaf spot disease in date palms. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1487: 012022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1487\/1\/012022","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1487\/1\/012022"},{"issue":"2","key":"2062_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/crystals1502118","volume":"15","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Wang Y, Chen J (2025) Impact of insoluble metal complexes on microbial bioavailability and growth: A focus on zinc, magnesium, and phosphate interactions. Cryst Growth Des 15(2):118\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/crystals1502118","journal-title":"Cryst Growth Des"},{"issue":"1","key":"2062_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-641","volume":"3","author":"S Poosapati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poosapati S, Ravulapalli PD, Tippirishetty N, Chunduri S (2014) Selection of high temperature and salinity tolerant Trichoderma isolates against Sclerotium rolfsii. Springer Plus 3(1):641","journal-title":"Springer Plus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2062_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2020.09.003","volume":"65","author":"V Ventorino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ventorino V, Pepe O, Fontana Aand others (2020) Biological functions of Trichoderma spp. for agricultural applications. Annals Agricultural Sci 65(2):168\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aoas.2020.09.003","journal-title":"Annals Agricultural Sci"},{"key":"2062_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2024.102327","volume":"130","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Kumar R, Sharma P (2024) Role of micronutrients in fungal growth and metabolism: a comprehensive review. J Fungal Biology 130:102327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.funbio.2024.102327","journal-title":"J Fungal Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2062_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-022-01417-6","volume":"24","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Yu X, Jiang Q, Zhao C, Cheng Z (2022) Study on cultivation of Trichoderma viride using spent mushroom substrate and control effect on soybean root rot. J Mater Cycles Waste Manage 24(4):1524\u20131532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10163-022-01417-6","journal-title":"J Mater Cycles Waste Manage"},{"key":"2062_CR32","unstructured":"Canonica L (2025) Fungal strains and interactions with metals: studies in different contexts. PhD Thesis, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Italy"},{"key":"2062_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2023.105134","volume":"180","author":"M El-Sobky","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Sobky M, Hassan E, Hafez E, Abd-Elgawad M (2023) Development of effective carrier materials for enhancing the shelf-life and bio-efficacy of Trichoderma formulations. Biol Control 180:105134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2023.105134","journal-title":"Biol Control"}],"container-title":["Brazilian Journal of Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:52:44Z","timestamp":1787053964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-026-02062-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1517-8382","1678-4405"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1517-8382","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4405","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have declared no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Although research on biocontrol agents such as\n                      Trichoderma\n                      fungi has focused on their antagonistic activity against various fungi, and on single species approaches, our research takes an innovative step in developing the first synergistic multi-isolate consortium of six species of the\n                      Trichoderma\n                      genus (\n                      T. longibrachiatum\n                      ,\n                      T. harzianum\n                      ,\n                      T. reesei\n                      ,\n                      T. viride\n                      ,\n                      T. hamatum\n                      ) against the soil pathogen,\n                      Fusarium solani\n                      . Multi-species consortia are novel as they are target tailored, but the consortia and consortium formulations used in this research help to evaluate and validate the lab-to-field novel formulation of this bio-based product. From the three major elements of innovative bio-based product formulation for this research, two of the elements are of extreme importance, while the third element has also shown its importance. These three elements are as follows: the first major element is the augmentation of the fungal growth medium with a novel formulation of chelated minerals (Fe, Mn, and Zn at 0.75\u00a0g\/L) that improved fungal biomass and yield; the second major element is the use of\n                      Ziziphus spina-christi\n                      plant powder as a low-cost and highly effective producer of a high density population of propagules (334.55\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      9\n                      CFU\/mL); the third element is the establishment of the first \u201ccomposite carrier\u201d of a mixture of vermiculite, ground palm fronds, sand, and clay that retained a prolonged (360 days) high fungal viability (>\u200990\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      9\n                      CFU\/mL) at 4\u00a0\u00b0C. These elements integrated formulations improve and help to circumvent the biological shelf life limitations of the commercial bio-fungicide and provide the proof of concept formulation to close the gap between effectiveness within the lab and utility in the field.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Novelty Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors testify that no generative AI or AI-related technologies were used at any stage of the writing of this manuscript, analysis, writing, or editing. The authors did all the research design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technology statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"242"}}