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However, high stocking densities can generate excessive organic matter, causing stress and increasing pathogen susceptibility in fish. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>Candida infanticola<\/jats:italic>\n                    UFSJ7A,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 19,659, and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    UFSJP2 on Nile tilapia (\n                    <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) performance, intestinal morphology, in vitro antagonistic activity against fish pathogens, and pond water quality. Supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly improved feed conversion ratio, showing results similar to those of\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and microbial consortium treatments. Dietary supplementation significantly affected feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Fish fed\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the lowest feed intake, whereas the microbial consortium resulted in the highest feed intake. Supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    improved feed conversion ratio, with values comparable to those observed for\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the microbial consortium. No significant differences were observed in final weight, weight gain, or survival among treatments. No significant effects were observed on fish viability, with survival rates above 90% across treatments. Exploratory intestinal morphometric observations indicated greater microvillus height in fish supplemented with\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting increased nutrient absorption capacity. In vitro antagonism assays demonstrated that only\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    inhibited the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>(A) hydrophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. infanticola<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited no antagonistic activity against the tested pathogens. None of the dietary treatments negatively affected water quality, which remained within suitable ranges throughout the experimental period. Overall, dietary supplementation with\n                    <jats:italic>(B) subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    improved feed utilization, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were associated with exploratory changes in intestinal morphology. Moreover, the in vitro antagonistic activity exhibited by\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    highlights its potential for future investigations on disease prevention strategies in Nile tilapia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-026-02112-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:52:29Z","timestamp":1791539549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance evaluation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and Candida infanticola"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanderson Duarte","family":"Penido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Fernandes","family":"Livio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8736-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Souza","family":"Tarabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6880-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa Ferreira","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2733-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"de Almeida Rosa Penido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Celeste Moreira","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Aparecida","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayvid Vincent","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6351-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Lucia Diniz","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo Jos\u00e9 Santos","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0746-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton Moreno","family":"Sanches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph Gruppi","family":"Thome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8672-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tha\u00eds Paula","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloisa Sim\u00f5es","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Afonso","family":"Granjeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Teixeira","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Henrique Figueiredo","family":"Vasconcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Bonoto","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2112_CR1","unstructured":"Peixe BR (2025) Anu\u00e1rio Peixe BR da Piscicultura 2025. 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