{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:35:10Z","timestamp":1787510110073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SERB-EEQ\/2016\/000639 and SERB-ECR\/2016\/000741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SERB-EEQ\/2016\/000639 and SERB-ECR\/2016\/000741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T17:03:01Z","timestamp":1610038981000},"page":"2735-2742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Testicular Atrophy and Hypothalamic Pathology in COVID-19: Possibility of the Incidence of Male Infertility and HPG Axis Abnormalities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Kaviya","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowbarnika","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risna Kanjirassery","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivethitha","family":"Manickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6720-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"441_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","volume":"395","author":"JF-W Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395:514\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"441_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951","volume":"55","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Liu S-M, Yu X-H, Tang S-L, Tang C-K. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55:105951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"441_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0","volume":"7","author":"Y-R Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo Y-R, Cao Q-D, Hong Z-S, Tan Y-Y, Chen S-D, Jin H-J, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"441_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"441_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45053","volume":"16","author":"J Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng J. SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16:1678\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.45053.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"441_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.012","volume":"53","author":"C-C Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai C-C, Liu YH, Wang C-Y, Wang Y-H, Hsueh S-C, Yen M-Y, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53:404\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.02.012.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"441_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1198","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1198","volume":"368","author":"RE Jordan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jordan RE, Adab P, Cheng KK. Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ. 2020;368:m1198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1198.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"441_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kandasamy M. Perspectives for the use of therapeutic Botulinum toxin as a multifaceted candidate drug to attenuate COVID-19. Med Drug Discov. 2020:100042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100042.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100042"},{"key":"441_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054","volume":"158","author":"J Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal\u2013oral transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1518\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"441_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.018","volume":"41","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li R, Yin T, Fang F, Li Q, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Potential risks of SARS-Cov-2 infection on reproductive health. Reprod BioMed Online. 2020;41:89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.018.","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"441_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.048","volume":"38","author":"B Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Gottlieb M. Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:1504\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.048.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"441_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","volume":"87","author":"Y Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"441_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","volume":"8","author":"Z Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:420\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"441_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3390\/v4061011","volume":"4","author":"S Belouzard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belouzard S, Millet JK, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein. Viruses. 2012;4:1011\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v4061011.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"441_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","volume":"181","author":"M Hoffmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kr\u00fcger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181:271\u2013280.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"441_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH743>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"193","author":"MH Vaarala","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vaarala MH, Porvari KS, Kellokumpu S, Kyll\u00f6nen AP, Vihko PT. Expression of transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 in mouse and human tissues. J Pathol. 2001;193:134\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH743>3.0.CO;2-T.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"441_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","volume":"203","author":"I Hamming","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203:631\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1570.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"441_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","volume":"20","author":"X Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"441_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","volume":"74","author":"N Arbour","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arbour N, Day R, Newcombe J, Talbot PJ. Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses. J Virol. 2000;74:8913\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"441_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abobaker A, Raba AA. Does COVID-19 affect male fertility? World J Urol. 2020:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-020-03208-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03208-w"},{"key":"441_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.04.069","volume":"142","author":"F Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen F, Lou D. Rising concern on damaged testis of COVID-19 patients. Urology. 2020;142:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2020.04.069.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"441_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00851-2","volume":"26","author":"A Sepehrinezhad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Negah SS. COVID-19 virus may have neuroinvasive potential and cause neurological complications: a perspective review. J Neuro-Oncol. 2020;26:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-020-00851-2.","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"441_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00201","volume":"11","author":"G Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das G, Mukherjee N, Ghosh S. Neurological insights of COVID-19 pandemic. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11:1206\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00201.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"441_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728","volume":"92","author":"Y-C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y-C, Bai W-Z, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92:552\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25728.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"441_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e823","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000823","volume":"7","author":"E Pascual-Go\u00f1i","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pascual-Go\u00f1i E, Fortea J, Mart\u00ednez-Dome\u00f1o A, Rabella N, Tecame M, G\u00f3mez-Oliva C, et al. COVID-19-associated ophthalmoparesis and hypothalamic involvement. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7:e823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000823.","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"441_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","volume":"11","author":"AM Baig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H. Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host\u2013virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020;11:995\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"441_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2014.19.4.184","volume":"19","author":"J Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu J. Endocrine disorders and the neurologic manifestations. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014;19:184\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6065\/apem.2014.19.4.184.","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"441_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.77573","volume":"15","author":"S Ranabir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ranabir S, Reetu K. Stress and hormones. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15:18\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.77573.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"441_CR29","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"C Tsigos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsigos C, Kyrou I, Kassi E, Chrousos GP. Stress, endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText.com, Inc.; 2000."},{"key":"441_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02833-1","volume":"44","author":"M Kandasamy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kandasamy M, Radhakrishnan RK, Poornimai Abirami GP, Roshan SA, Yesudhas A, Balamuthu K, et al. Possible existence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-hippocampal (HPH) axis: a reciprocal relationship between hippocampal specific neuroestradiol synthesis and neuroblastosis in ageing brains with special reference to menopause and neurocognitive disorders. Neurochem Res. 2019;44:1781\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-019-02833-1.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"441_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02325-1","volume":"68","author":"R Pal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pal R. COVID-19, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical implications. Endocrine. 2020;68:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02325-1.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"441_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1369523","volume":"20","author":"MG Oyola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oyola MG, Handa RJ. Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axes: sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity. Stress. 2017;20:476\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2017.1369523.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"441_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa080","volume":"103","author":"S Verma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verma S, Saksena S, Sadri-Ardekani H. ACE2 receptor expression in testes: implications in coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis\u2020. Biol Reprod. 2020;103:449\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa080.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"441_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.009","volume":"40","author":"WD Cardona Maya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardona Maya WD, Du Plessis SS, Velilla PA. SARS-CoV-2 and the testis: similarity with other viruses and routes of infection. Reprod BioMed Online. 2020;40:763\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.009.","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"441_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9472","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15541","volume":"24","author":"Q Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen Q, Xiao X, Aierken A, Yue W, Wu X, Liao M, et al. The ACE2 expression in Sertoli cells and germ cells may cause male reproductive disorder after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24:9472\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.15541.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"441_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.001","volume":"114","author":"KE Stanley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stanley KE, Thomas E, Leaver M, Wells D. Coronavirus disease-19 and fertility: viral host entry protein expression in male and female reproductive tissues. Fertil Steril. 2020;114:33\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.001.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"441_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.05.009","volume":"6","author":"M Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang M, Chen S, Huang B, Zhong J-M, Su H, Chen Y-J, et al. Pathological findings in the testes of COVID-19 patients: clinical implications. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6:1124\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2020.05.009.","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"441_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024","volume":"113","author":"F Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan F, Xiao X, Guo J, Song Y, Li H, Patel DP, et al. No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2013coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertil Steril. 2020;113:1135\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"441_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0319-7","volume":"17","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhou X, Zhang T, Wang Z. The need for urogenital tract monitoring in COVID-19. Nat Rev Urol. 2020;17:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-020-0319-7.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"441_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13712","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13712","volume":"52","author":"R Vishvkarma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vishvkarma R, Rajender S. Could SARS-CoV-2 affect male fertility? Andrologia. 2020;52:e13712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.13712.","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"441_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma L, Xie W, Li D, Shi L, Ye G, Mao Y, et al. Evaluation of sex-related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26259.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26259"},{"key":"441_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c7ayan S, U\u011fuz M, Saylam B, Akbay E. Effect of serum total testosterone and its relationship with other laboratory parameters on the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SARS-CoV-2 infected male patients: a cohort study. Aging Male. 2020:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13685538.2020.1807930.","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2020.1807930"},{"key":"441_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh056","volume":"159","author":"J Karlberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karlberg J, Chong DSY, Lai WYY. Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do? Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:229\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwh056.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"441_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin J-M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu X-F, Han D-M, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152"},{"key":"441_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601896","volume":"198","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Channappanavar R, Fett C, Mack M, Ten Eyck PP, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Sex-based differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection. J Immunol. 2017;198:4046\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1601896.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"441_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salonia A, Corona G, Giwercman A, Maggi M, Minhas S, Nappi RE, et al. SARS-CoV-2, testosterone and frailty in males (PROTEGGIMI): a multidimensional research project. Andrology. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.12811.","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12811"},{"key":"441_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Xu X. scRNA-seq profiling of human testes reveals the presence of the ACE2 receptor, a target for SARS-CoV-2 infection in spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli cells. Cells. 2020:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9040920.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040920"},{"key":"441_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1098","volume":"27","author":"L Clinckemalie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clinckemalie L, Spans L, Dubois V, Laurent M, Helsen C, Joniau S, et al. Androgen regulation of the TMPRSS2 gene and the effect of a SNP in an androgen response element. Mol Endocrinol. 2013;27:2028\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2013-1098.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"441_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010","volume":"4","author":"JM Lucas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas JM, Heinlein C, Kim T, Hernandez SA, Malik MS, True LD, et al. The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov. 2014;4:1310\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1010.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"441_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1086\/427811","volume":"191","author":"Z Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen Z, Mi L, Xu J, Yu J, Wang X, Jiang J, et al. Function of HAb18G\/CD147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:755\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/427811.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"441_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-020-09976-7","volume":"16","author":"H Ulrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ulrich H, Pillat MM. CD147 as a target for COVID-19 treatment: suggested effects of azithromycin and stem cell engagement. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020;16:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12015-020-09976-7.","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"key":"441_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.24875\/GMM.20000295","volume":"156","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Romero","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero R, Nambo-Lucio M d J, Salcedo-Carrillo E, Hern\u00e1ndez-Cueto M d L\u00c1, Salcedo-Vargas M. The big challenge of SARS-CoV-2 latency: testes as reservoir. Gac Med Mex. 2020;156:328\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24875\/GMM.20000295.","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"441_CR53","first-page":"217","volume":"17","author":"J Zhao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhao J, Zhou G, Sun Y, Wang S, Yang J, Meng E, et al. Clinical pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 2003;17:217\u201321.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"441_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1560","volume":"203","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Che X, Hou J, et al. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol. 2004;203:622\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1560.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"441_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","volume":"202","author":"J Gu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005;202:415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20050828.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"441_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776","volume":"74","author":"J Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu J, Qi L, Chi X, Yang J, Wei X, Gong E, et al. Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)1. Biol Reprod. 2006;74:410\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"441_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olaniyan OT, Dare A, Okotie GE, Adetunji CO, Ibitoye BO, Bamidele OJ, et al. Testis and blood-testis barrier in Covid-19 infestation: role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in male infertility. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020;0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0156.","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0156"},{"key":"441_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa050","volume":"103","author":"C Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song C, Wang Y, Li W, Hu B, Chen G, Xia P, et al. Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients. Biol Reprod. 2020;103:4\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa050.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"441_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32079-1","volume":"396","author":"C Dittmayer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dittmayer C, Meinhardt J, Radbruch H, Radke J, Heppner BI, Heppner FL, et al. Why misinterpretation of electron micrographs in SARS-CoV-2-infected tissue goes viral. Lancet. 2020;396:e64\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32079-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"441_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31188-0","volume":"395","author":"CS Goldsmith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldsmith CS, Miller SE, Martines RB, Bullock HA, Zaki SR. Electron microscopy of SARS-CoV-2: a challenging task. Lancet. 2020;395:e99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31188-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"441_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.052","volume":"38","author":"J Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J, Thomsen T, Sell N, Goldsmith AJ. Abdominal and testicular pain: an atypical presentation of COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38:1542.e1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.052.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"441_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028","volume":"114","author":"N Holtmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holtmann N, Edimiris P, Andree M, Doehmen C, Baston-Buest D, Adams O, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2020;114:233\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"441_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101349","volume":"33","author":"H \u00d6zveri","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00d6zveri H, Eren MT, K\u0131r\u0131\u015fo\u011flu CE, Sar\u0131g\u00fczel N. Atypical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in male genitalia. Urol Case Rep. 2020;33:101349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101349.","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"441_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.07.017","volume":"41","author":"A La Marca","year":"2020","unstructured":"La Marca A, Busani S, Donno V, Guaraldi G, Ligabue G, Girardis M. Testicular pain as an unusual presentation of COVID-19: a brief review of SARS-CoV-2 and the testis. Reprod BioMed Online. 2020;41:903\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.07.017.","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"441_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154252","volume":"108","author":"P Pozzilli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pozzilli P, Lenzi A. Testosterone, a key hormone in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolism. 2020;108:154252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154252.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"441_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","volume":"27","author":"Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"441_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","volume":"20","author":"MZ Tay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tay MZ, Poh CM, R\u00e9nia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:363\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"441_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.1.1.6843","volume":"1","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aitken RJ, Roman SD. Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2008;1:15\u201324.","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"441_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"IE01","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23927.9886","volume":"11","author":"N Asadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asadi N, Bahmani M, Kheradmand A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The impact of oxidative stress on testicular function and the role of antioxidants in improving it: a review. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:IE01\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/23927.9886.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"441_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.2.8177","volume":"2","author":"AR Abd-Allah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abd-Allah AR, Helal GK, Al-Yahya AA, Aleisa AM, Al-Rejaie SS, Al-Bakheet SA. Pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways which compromise sperm motility and survival may be altered by L-carnitine. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2009;2:73\u201381.","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"441_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Youssef K, Abdelhak K. Male genital damage in COVID-19 patients: are available data relevant? Asian J Urol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajur.2020.06.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2020.06.005"},{"key":"441_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017726261","volume":"30","author":"SM Almasry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Almasry SM, Hassan ZA, Elsaed WM, Elbastawisy YM. Structural evaluation of the peritubular sheath of rat\u2019s testes after administration of ribavirin: a possible impact on the testicular function. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2017;30:282\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0394632017726261.","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"441_CR73","first-page":"65","volume":"64","author":"K Narayana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Narayana K, D\u2019Souza UJA, Narayan P, Kumar G. The antiviral drug ribavirin reversibly affects the reproductive parameters in the male Wistar rat. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005;64:65\u201371.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"441_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma L, Xie W, Li D, Shi L, Mao Y, Xiong Y, et al. Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon male gonadal function: a single center-based study. MedRxiv 2020:2020.03.21.20037267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.21.20037267.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.20037267"},{"key":"441_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.66","volume":"55","author":"K Fassbender","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fassbender K, Schmidt R, M\u00f6ssner R, Kischka U, K\u00fchnen J, Schwartz A, et al. Mood disorders and dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in multiple sclerosis: association with cerebral inflammation. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:66\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.55.1.66.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"441_CR76","volume-title":"Endotext","author":"RM Lechan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lechan RM, Toni R. Functional anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText.com, Inc.; 2000."},{"key":"441_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04284","volume":"437","author":"CB Saper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saper CB, Scammell TE, Lu J. Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature. 2005;437:1257\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04284.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"441_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)53022-5","volume":"153","author":"A Guijarro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Guijarro A, Laviano A, Meguid MM. Hypothalamic integration of immune function and metabolism. Prog Brain Res. 2006;153:367\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)53022-5.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"441_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"PM Daniel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Daniel PM. Anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. J Clin Pathol Suppl (Assoc Clin Pathol). 1976;7:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol Suppl (Assoc Clin Pathol)"},{"key":"441_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.4\/ssmith","volume":"8","author":"SM Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith SM, Vale WW. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8:383\u201395.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"441_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105526","volume":"197","author":"K Selvaraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaraj K, Manickam N, Kumaran E, Thangadurai K, Elumalai G, Sekar A, et al. Deterioration of neuroregenerative plasticity in association with testicular atrophy and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in Huntington\u2019s disease: a putative role of the huntingtin gene in steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020;197:105526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105526.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"441_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02511.x","volume":"23","author":"S Kliesch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kliesch S, Schweifer B, Niklowitz P, Nieschlag E, Bergmann M. The influence of LH and\/or FSH on Leydig and Sertoli cell morphology after testicular involution in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus, induced by hypophysectomy or short photoperiods. Andrologia. 1991;23:99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1991.tb02511.x.","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"441_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e996025","DOI":"10.1080\/21565562.2014.996025","volume":"4","author":"S Ramaswamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramaswamy S, Weinbauer GF. Endocrine control of spermatogenesis: role of FSH and LH\/ testosterone. Spermatogenesis. 2015;4:e996025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21565562.2014.996025.","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"441_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T41","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0113","volume":"226","author":"TM Plant","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plant TM. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Endocrinol. 2015;226:T41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-15-0113.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"441_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S367","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.03.25","volume":"7","author":"RI Clavijo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clavijo RI, Hsiao W. Update on male reproductive endocrinology. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7:S367\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tau.2018.03.25.","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"441_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x","volume":"14","author":"V Viau","year":"2002","unstructured":"Viau V. Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes. J Neuroendocrinol. 2002;14:506\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"441_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12590","volume":"30","author":"A Acevedo-Rodriguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Acevedo-Rodriguez A, Kauffman AS, Cherrington BD, Borges CS, Roepke TA, Laconi M. Emerging insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation and interaction with stress signalling. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30:e12590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12590.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"441_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(00)00275-9","volume":"19","author":"I Julkunen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Julkunen I, Mel\u00e9n K, Nyqvist M, Pirhonen J, Sareneva T, Matikainen S. Inflammatory responses in influenza A virus infection. Vaccine. 2000;19(Suppl 1):S32\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0264-410x(00)00275-9.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"441_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.1.131-150.2001","volume":"65","author":"TH Mogensen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mogensen TH, Paludan SR. Molecular pathways in virus-induced cytokine production. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001;65:131\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.65.1.131-150.2001.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"441_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1089\/1079990041689665","volume":"24","author":"L Malmgaard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malmgaard L. Induction and regulation of IFNs during viral infections. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2004;24:439\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/1079990041689665.","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"441_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0490-9","volume":"25","author":"FN Osuji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osuji FN, Onyenekwe CC, Ahaneku JE, Ukibe NR. The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects. J Biomed Sci. 2018;25:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-018-0490-9.","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"441_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754"},{"key":"441_CR93","first-page":"161","volume":"2","author":"U Jaffer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaffer U, Wade RG, Gourlay T. Cytokines in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a review. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth. 2010;2:161\u201375.","journal-title":"HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth"},{"key":"441_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20236008.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236008"},{"key":"441_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25948","volume":"92","author":"M Aziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aziz M, Fatima R, Assaly R. Elevated interleukin-6 and severe COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92:2283\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25948.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"441_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","volume":"27","author":"EJ Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27:992\u20131000.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"441_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427","volume":"215","author":"K Yuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review. Clin Immunol. 2020;215:108427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"441_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393","volume":"214","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 2020;214:108393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"441_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527315666160202125914","volume":"15","author":"J Leszek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leszek J, Barreto GE, G\u0105siorowski K, Koutsouraki E, \u00c1vila-Rodrigues M, Aliev G. Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as key factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration: role of brain innate immune system. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2016;15:329\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1871527315666160202125914.","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"441_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2010.02355.x","volume":"64","author":"P Dandona","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dandona P, Rosenberg MT. A practical guide to male hypogonadism in the primary care setting. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64:682\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2010.02355.x.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"441_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E206","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00279.2017","volume":"314","author":"K Tremellen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tremellen K, McPhee N, Pearce K, Benson S, Schedlowski M, Engler H. Endotoxin-initiated inflammation reduces testosterone production in men of reproductive age. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314:E206\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00279.2017.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"441_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100792","volume":"55","author":"S Fischer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fischer S, Ehlert U, Amiel CR. Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male depressive disorders - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;55:100792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100792.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"441_CR103","first-page":"172","volume":"3","author":"G Mastorakos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mastorakos G, Pavlatou MG, Mizamtsidi M. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes interplay. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006;3(Suppl 1):172\u201381.","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"441_CR104","first-page":"109","volume":"35","author":"S Whirledge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whirledge S, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids, stress, and fertility. Minerva Endocrinol. 2010;35:109\u201325.","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"441_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, Vena W, et al. Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak. J Endocrinol Investig. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-020-01350-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01350-1"},{"key":"441_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dutta S, Sengupta P. SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: possible multifaceted pathology. Reprod Sci. 2020:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00261-z.","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00261-z"},{"key":"441_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-2-419","volume":"68","author":"R Mieusset","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mieusset R, Bujan L, Plantavid M, Grandjean H. Increased levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone associated with intrinsic testicular hyperthermia in oligospermic infertile men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-68-2-419.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"441_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00136","volume":"10","author":"D Lizneva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lizneva D, Rahimova A, Kim S-M, Atabiekov I, Javaid S, Alamoush B, et al. FSH beyond fertility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2019.00136.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"441_CR109","volume-title":"Physiology, luteinizing hormone","author":"D Nedresky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nedresky D, Singh G. Physiology, luteinizing hormone. StatPearls, Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2020."},{"key":"441_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000166785","volume":"4","author":"D Levitan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Levitan D, Moser SA, Goldstein DA, Kletzky OA, Lobo RA, Massry SG. Disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male patients with acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1984;4:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000166785.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"441_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2004.07.004","volume":"11","author":"JL Holley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holley JL. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis in men and women with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2004;11:337\u201341.","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"key":"441_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-69912014006007","volume":"41","author":"BT Zacharias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zacharias BT, Coelho JCU, Parolin MB, Matias JEF, de Freitas ACT, de Godoy JL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in men with liver cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014;41:421\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0100-69912014006007.","journal-title":"Rev Col Bras Cir"},{"key":"441_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30359","volume":"69","author":"SF Neong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neong SF, Billington EO, Congly SE. Sexual dysfunction and sex hormone abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis: review of pathogenesis and management. Hepatology. 2019;69:2683\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30359.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"441_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.93","volume":"64","author":"CS Atwood","year":"2005","unstructured":"Atwood CS, Meethal SV, Liu T, Wilson AC, Gallego M, Smith MA, et al. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with menopause and andropause promotes neurodegenerative senescence. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64:93\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/64.2.93.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"441_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1089\/105072504323024552","volume":"14","author":"AW Meikle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meikle AW. The interrelationships between thyroid dysfunction and hypogonadism in men and boys. Thyroid. 2004;14(Suppl 1):S17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/105072504323024552.","journal-title":"Thyroid"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T20:44:07Z","timestamp":1634589847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-020-00441-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-7191","1933-7205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-7205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}