{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:36:14Z","timestamp":1790094974609,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08 GM135638-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08 GM135638-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007856","name":"Baylor College of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Seed Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Seed Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T21:03:51Z","timestamp":1617743031000},"page":"1759-1773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Animal Models and Alternatives in Vaginal Research: a Comparative Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-6192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"McCracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7267-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele A.","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney N.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cosgriff-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie C. E.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915254","volume":"382","author":"CR Cohen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohen CR, Wierzbicki MR, French AL, Morris S, Newmann S, Reno H, et al. Randomized trial of lactin-V to prevent recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1906\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1915254.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"529_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000526770.60197.fa","volume":"30","author":"P Bagnall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bagnall P, Rizzolo D. Bacterial vaginosis: a practical review. J Am Acad Phys Assist. 2017;30:15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JAA.0000526770.60197.fa.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Phys Assist"},{"key":"529_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.08.010","volume":"27","author":"F Blostein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blostein F, Levin-Sparenberg E, Wagner J, Foxman B. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27:575\u2013582.e3.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"529_CR4","first-page":"3","volume":"30","author":"S Ledig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ledig S, Wieacker P. Klinische und genetische Aspekte des Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser Syndroms. Med Genet. 2018;30:3\u201311.","journal-title":"Med Genet"},{"key":"529_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000031","volume":"62","author":"RL Batista","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batista RL, Costa EMF, Rodrigues A d S, et al. Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018;62:227\u201335.","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"529_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.01.032","volume":"71","author":"S Fulare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fulare S, Deshmukh S, Gupta J. Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a rare genetic disorder. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;71:371\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2020.01.032.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"529_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000126","volume":"58","author":"A Lev-Sagie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lev-Sagie A. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy: physiology, clinical presentation, and treatment considerations. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;58:476\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"529_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14336","volume":"46","author":"P Tanmahasamut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanmahasamut P, Jirasawas T, Laiwejpithaya S, Areeswate C, Dangrat C, Silprasit K. Effect of estradiol vaginal gel on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020;46:1425\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jog.14336.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"529_CR9","unstructured":"Iglesia CB, Smithling KR (2017) Pelvic organ prolapse"},{"key":"529_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.4.253","volume":"59","author":"MK Kong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kong MK, Bai SW. Surgical treatments for vaginal apical prolapse. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2016;59:253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.4.253.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Sci"},{"key":"529_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S106796","volume":"9","author":"L Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris L, Do V, Chard J, Brand AH. Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives. Int J Women's Health. 2017;9:273\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"key":"529_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.02.029","volume":"92","author":"CH Son","year":"2015","unstructured":"Son CH, Law E, Oh JH, Apte AP, Yang TJ, Riedel E, et al. Dosimetric predictors of radiation-induced vaginal stenosis after pelvic radiation therapy for rectal and anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;92:548\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.02.029.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"529_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2767","volume":"32","author":"A Chanda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chanda A, Unnikrishnan V, Richter HE, Lockhart ME. A biofidelic computational model of the female pelvic system to understand effect of bladder fill and progressive vaginal tissue stiffening due to prolapse on anterior vaginal wall. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2016;32:32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cnm.2767.","journal-title":"Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng"},{"key":"529_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.01.005","volume":"57","author":"JA Flood","year":"2004","unstructured":"Flood JA, Tripp TJ, Davis CC, Hill DR, Schlievert PM. A toroid model for in vitro investigations of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production. J Microbiol Methods. 2004;57:283\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2004.01.005.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"529_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291103900403","volume":"39","author":"GE Costin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Costin GE, Raabe HA, Priston R, Evans E, Curren RD. Vaginal irritation models: the current status of available alternative and in vitro tests. ATLA Altern to Lab Anim. 2011;39:317\u201337.","journal-title":"ATLA Altern to Lab Anim"},{"key":"529_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.577-583.2002","volume":"70","author":"C Steele","year":"2002","unstructured":"Steele C, Fidel PL. Cytokine and chemokine production by human oral and vaginal epithelial cells in response to Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 2002;70:577\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.70.2.577-583.2002.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"529_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100310","volume":"231","author":"K Inada","year":"2006","unstructured":"Inada K, Hayashi S, Iguchi T, Sato T. Establishment of a primary culture model of mouse uterine and vaginal stroma for studying in vitro estrogen effects. Exp Biol Med. 2006;231:303\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153537020623100310.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"529_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115625840","volume":"23","author":"H Kufaishi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kufaishi H, Alarab M, Drutz H, Lye S, Shynlova O. Comparative characterization of vaginal cells derived from premenopausal women with and without severe pelvic organ prolapse. Reprod Sci. 2016;23:931\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719115625840.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"529_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000495348","volume":"84","author":"L Hympanova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hympanova L, Rynkevic R, Urbankova I, Blacher S, de Landsheere L, Mackova K, et al. Morphological and functional changes in the vagina following critical lifespan events in the ewe. Gynecol Obstet Investig. 2019;84:360\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000495348.","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"key":"529_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.022","volume":"144","author":"SD Abramowitch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abramowitch SD, Feola A, Jallah Z, Moalli PA. Tissue mechanics, animal models, and pelvic organ prolapse: a review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;144:S146\u201358.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"529_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.07.004","volume":"110","author":"GR Cunha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cunha GR, Sinclair A, Ricke WA, Robboy SJ, Cao M, Baskin LS. Reproductive tract biology: of mice and men. Differentiation. 2019;110:49\u201363.","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"529_CR22","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Female reproductive system","author":"MH Rendi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rendi MH, Muehlenbachs A, Garcia RL, Boyd KL. Female reproductive system. In: Comparative anatomy and histology. Elsevier Inc.; 2012. p. 253\u201384."},{"key":"529_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.3.821","volume":"58","author":"P Grasso","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grasso P, Rozhavskaya M, Reichert LE. In vivo effects of human follicle-stimulating hormone-related synthetic peptide hFSH-\u03b2-(81-95) and its subdomain hFSH-\u03b2-(90-95) on the mouse estrous cycle. Biol Reprod. 1998;58:821\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod58.3.821.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"529_CR24","unstructured":"Carretero, A., Ruberte, J. & Navarro M Anastrozole-an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. In: Morphol Mouse Phenotyping. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/anastrozole. Accessed 18 Sep 2020"},{"key":"529_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00218.x","volume":"52","author":"KS Grant-Tschudy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grant-Tschudy KS, Wira CR. Effect of estradiol on mouse uterine epithelial cell transepithelial resistance (TER). Am J Reprod Immunol. 2004;52:252\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00218.x.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"529_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(01)00188-1","volume":"80","author":"W Imagawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Imagawa W, Pedchenko VK, Helber J, Zhang H. Hormone\/growth factor interactions mediating epithelial\/stromal communication in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;80:213\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0960-0760(01)00188-1.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"529_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1513550112","volume":"112","author":"S Miyagawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyagawa S, Iguchi T. Epithelial estrogen receptor 1 intrinsically mediates squamous differentiation in the mouse vagina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:12986\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1513550112.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"529_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29423-5","volume":"8","author":"S Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li S, Herrera GG, Tam KK, Lizarraga JS, Beedle MT, Winuthayanon W. Estrogen action in the epithelial cells of the mouse vagina regulates neutrophil infiltration and vaginal tissue integrity. Sci Rep. 2018;8:11247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-29423-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"529_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/019262301301418874","volume":"29","author":"BJ Davis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davis BJ, Travlos G, McShane T. Reproductive endocrinology and toxicological pathology over the life span of the female rodent. Toxicol Pathol. 2001;29:77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/019262301301418874.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR30","unstructured":"Lee Silver\u2019s Mouse Genetics. http:\/\/www.informatics.jax.org\/silver\/. Accessed 18 Sep 2020"},{"key":"529_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2017.08.002","volume":"97","author":"SJ Robboy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robboy SJ, Kurita T, Baskin L, Cunha GR. New insights into human female reproductive tract development. Differentiation. 2017;97:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2017.08.002.","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"529_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurita T, Nakamura H (2008) Embryology of the uterus. In: The endometrium: molecular, cellular and clinical perspectives, second edition. CRC Press, pp 1\u201318","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203091500.001"},{"key":"529_CR33","first-page":"59","volume":"24","author":"AK Koff","year":"1933","unstructured":"Koff AK. Development of the vagina in the human fetus. Contrib Embryol. 1933;24:59\u201391.","journal-title":"Contrib Embryol"},{"key":"529_CR34","volume-title":"Derivation and differentiation of the vaginal epithelium","author":"J Forsberg","year":"1963","unstructured":"Forsberg J (1963) Derivation and differentiation of the vaginal epithelium. Lund"},{"key":"529_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401960310","volume":"196","author":"GR Cunha","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cunha GR. Stromal induction and specification of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of the epithelia of the mullerian ducts and urogenital sinus during development of the uterus and vagina in mice. J Exp Zool. 1976;196:361\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.1401960310.","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"529_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2010.06.007","volume":"80","author":"T Kurita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurita T. Developmental origin of vaginal epithelium. Differentiation. 2010;80:99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2010.06.007.","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"529_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1341-2","volume":"18","author":"A Vrbanac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vrbanac A, Riestra AM, Coady A, Knight R, Nizet V, Patras KA. The murine vaginal microbiota and its perturbation by the human pathogen group B Streptococcus. BMC Microbiol. 2018;18:197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-018-1341-2.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"529_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.008","volume":"192","author":"PA Moalli","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moalli PA, Howden NS, Lowder JL, Navarro J, Debes KM, Abramowitch SD, et al. A rat model to study the structural properties of the vagina and its supportive tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:80\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.008.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"529_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000502","volume":"23","author":"R Liang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liang R, Knight K, Nolfi A, Abramowitch S, Moalli PA. Differential effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators on the vagina and its supportive tissues. Menopause. 2016;23:129\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GME.0000000000000502.","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"529_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartos L (1977) Vaginal impedance measurement used for mating in the rat","DOI":"10.1258\/002367777780959148"},{"key":"529_CR41","unstructured":"Krinke GJ. The laboratory rat: Elsevier; 2000."},{"key":"529_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20106","volume":"80","author":"JM Goldman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldman JM, Murr AS, Cooper RL. The rodent estrous cycle: characterization of vaginal cytology and its utility in toxicological studies. Birth Defects Res Part B - Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2007;80:84\u201397.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res Part B - Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"529_CR43","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Structure, cyclic change, and function, vagina and vulva, rat","author":"Y-D Yuan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yuan Y-D, Carlson RG. Structure, cyclic change, and function, vagina and vulva, rat. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1987. p. 161\u20138."},{"key":"529_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0411-111","volume":"40","author":"C Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown C. Urethral catheterization of the female rat. Lab Anim (NY). 2011;40:111\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/laban0411-111.","journal-title":"Lab Anim (NY)"},{"key":"529_CR45","unstructured":"Suckow M, Weisbroth S, Franklin C. The laboratory rat: Elsevier Inc.; 2006."},{"key":"529_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502011000800019","volume":"26","author":"LO Reis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reis LO, Sopena JMG, F\u00e1varo WJ, Martin MC, Sim\u00e3o AFL, Reis RB, et al. caracter\u00edsticas anat\u00f4micas da cateteriza\u00e7\u00e3o da uretra e bexiga de camundongos e ratos f\u00eameas. instrumento essencial na pesquisa pr\u00e9 cl\u00ednica. Acta Cir Bras. 2011;26:106\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0102-86502011000800019.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"529_CR47","unstructured":"Long J, Evans HM The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena"},{"key":"529_CR48","unstructured":"Quesenberry K, Carpenter J. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery: Elsevier Inc.; 2012."},{"key":"529_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1149-6","volume":"21","author":"M Alperin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alperin M, Feola A, Duerr R, Moalli P, Abramowitch S. Pregnancy-and delivery-induced biomechanical changes in rat vagina persist postpartum. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21:1169\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-010-1149-6.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"529_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-014-2423-9","volume":"25","author":"M Alperin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alperin M, Tuttle LJ, Conner BR, Dixon DM, Mathewson MA, Ward SR, et al. Comparison of pelvic muscle architecture between humans and commonly used laboratory species. Int Urogynecol J. 2014;25:1507\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-014-2423-9.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"529_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.144428","volume":"96","author":"PA Maldonado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maldonado PA, Montoya TI, Acevedo JF, Keller PW, Word RA. Effects of vaginal conjugated equine estrogens and ospemifene on the rat vaginal wall and lower urinary tract. Biol Reprod. 2017;96:81\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.116.144428.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"529_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63031-6","volume":"10","author":"J Hamner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamner J, Florian-Rodriguez M, Acevedo J, Shi H, Word RA. Protease inhibition improves healing of the vaginal wall after obstetrical injury: results from a preclinical animal model. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-63031-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"529_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.118638","volume":"92","author":"TI Montoya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montoya TI, Maldonado PA, Acevedo JF, Word RA. Effect of vaginal or systemic estrogen on dynamics of collagen assembly in the rat vaginal wall. Biol Reprod. 2015;92:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.114.118638.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"529_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8921284","volume":"2019","author":"M Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao M, Li Y, Zhang Y, Kang J, Zhu L. Tissue composition and biomechanical property changes in the vaginal wall of ovariectomized young rats. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2019\u20130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/8921284.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"529_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04266-9","volume":"31","author":"O Ben Menachem-Zidon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ben Menachem-Zidon O, Parkes I, Chill HH, Reubinoff B, Sandberg K, Ji H, et al. Age-associated differences in macrophage response in a vaginal wound healing rat model. Int Urogynecol J. 2020;31:1803\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-020-04266-9.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"529_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000145560","volume":"113","author":"FR Del Vecchio","year":"1982","unstructured":"Del Vecchio FR. Zur Entwicklung der kaudalen Abschnitte der Müllerschen Gänge bei der Ratte (Rattus norvegicus). Cells Tissues Organs. 1982;113:235\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000145560.","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"529_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del031","volume":"21","author":"ML S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer","year":"2006","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer ML, Aci\u00e9n MI, S\u00e1nchez del Campo F, et al. Experimental contributions to the study of the embryology of the vagina. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:1623\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/del031.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"529_CR58","unstructured":"Noguchi K, Tsukumi K, Urano T Qualitative and quantitative differences in normal vaginal flora of conventionally reared mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, and dogs"},{"key":"529_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230170","volume":"15","author":"M Levy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levy M, Bassis CM, Kennedy E, Yoest KE, Becker JB, Bell J, et al. The rodent vaginal microbiome across the estrous cycle and the effect of genital nerve electrical stimulation. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0230170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230170.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"529_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.10.010","volume":"104","author":"KA Green","year":"2015","unstructured":"Green KA, Zarek SM, Catherino WH. Gynecologic health and disease in relation to the microbiome of the female reproductive tract. Fertil Steril. 2015;104:1351\u20137.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"529_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016016120392","volume":"13","author":"F Acart\u00fcrk","year":"1996","unstructured":"Acart\u00fcrk F, Robinson JR. Vaginal permeability and enzymatic activity studies in normal and ovariectomized rabbits. Pharm Res. 1996;13:779\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1016016120392.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"529_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0727-3","volume":"20","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Antol\u00edn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Antol\u00edn J, Xelhuantzi N, Garc\u00eda-Lorenzana M, Cuevas E, Hudson R, Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez M. General tissue characteristics of the lower urethral and vaginal walls in the domestic rabbit. Int Urogynecol J. 2009;20:53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-008-0727-3.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"529_CR63","unstructured":"Laber-Laird K, Swindle MM, Flecknell P (eds. . (Dr. KL-LD of CMMUCSC (USA)) (1996) Handbook of rodent and rabbit medicine. Pergamon\/Elsevier Science Ltd."},{"key":"529_CR64","volume-title":"The biology of the laboratory rabbit","author":"P Manning","year":"1994","unstructured":"Manning P. The biology of the laboratory rabbit. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994.","edition":"2"},{"key":"529_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kahrmann B. V. Popesko, V. Rajtov\u00e1 and J. Hor\u00e1k: A colour atlas of the anatomy of small laboratory animals. Vol. II. Rat, Mouse, Hamster. 253 Seiten, 209 Abb. Wolfe Publishing Ltd., London 1992. Preis 335.\u2014 DM. Food Nahrung. 1994;38:447\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/food.19940380421.","DOI":"10.1002\/food.19940380421"},{"key":"529_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0200085","volume":"20","author":"P Eckstein","year":"1969","unstructured":"Eckstein P, Jackson MC, Millman N, Sobrero AJ. Comparison of vaginal tolerance tests of spermicidal preparations in rabbits and monkeys. J Reprod Fertil. 1969;20:85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/jrf.0.0200085.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"529_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900986","volume":"15","author":"SJ Oh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oh SJ, Hong SK, Kim SW, Paick JS. Histological and functional aspects of different regions of the rabbit vagina. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15:142\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijir.3900986.","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"529_CR68","unstructured":"CARR EB (1953) The development of the rabbit vagina. J Anat 87:423\u2013431"},{"key":"529_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.54.365","volume":"54","author":"F Barberini","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barberini F, Correr S, Santis FDE, Motta PM. The epithelium of the rabbit vagina: a microtopographical study by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol. 1991;54:365\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1679\/aohc.54.365.","journal-title":"Arch Histol Cytol"},{"key":"529_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1997.tb01980.x","volume":"80","author":"P Bollen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bollen P, Ellegaard L. The G\u00f6ttingen minipig in pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997;80:3\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1997.tb01980.x.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"529_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316639389","volume":"44","author":"KL Helke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, et al. Pigs in toxicology: breed differences in metabolism and background findings. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44:575\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192623316639389.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1195","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90851.2008","volume":"297","author":"B Christoffersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christoffersen B, Ribel U, Raun K, Golozoubova V, Pacini G. Evaluation of different methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity in G\u00f6ttingen minipigs: introduction of a new, simpler method. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys. 2009;297:R1195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.90851.2008.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys"},{"key":"529_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gutierrez K, Dicks N, Glanzner WG, Agellon LB, Bordignon V. Efficacy of the porcine species in biomedical research. Front Genet. 2015;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2015.00293.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00293"},{"key":"529_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623315611762","volume":"44","author":"KL Helke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, et al. Background pathological changes in minipigs. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44:325\u201337.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316642881","volume":"44","author":"PC Howroyd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Howroyd PC, Peter B, De Rijk E. Review of sexual maturity in the minipig. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44:607\u201311.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623314526136","volume":"42","author":"E de Rijk","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Rijk E, Van Den Brink H, Lensen J, et al. Estrous cycle-dependent morphology in the reproductive organs of the female G\u00f6ttingen minipig. Toxicol Pathol. 2014;42:1197\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192623314526136.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623315621413","volume":"44","author":"B Peter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peter B, De Rijk EPCT, Zeltner A, Emmen HH. Sexual maturation in the female G\u00f6ttingen minipig. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44:482\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192623315621413.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzen E, Follmann F, Jungersen G, Agerholm JS. A review of the human vs. porcine female genital tract and associated immune system in the perspective of using minipigs as a model of human genital Chlamydia infection. Vet Res. 2015:46.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0241-9"},{"key":"529_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.01.006","volume":"59","author":"E Lorenzen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lorenzen E, Agerholm JS, Grossi AB, Bojesen AM, Skytte C, Erneholm K, et al. Characterization of cytological changes, IgA, IgG and IL-8 levels and pH value in the vagina of prepubertal and sexually mature Ellegaard G\u00f6ttingen minipigs during an estrous cycle. Dev Comp Immunol. 2016;59:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2016.01.006.","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"529_CR80","first-page":"17","volume":"29","author":"M Noguchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noguchi M, Miura N, Ando T, et al. Profiles of reproductive hormone in the microminipig during the normal estrous cycle. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 2015;29:17\u201322.","journal-title":"In Vivo (Brooklyn)"},{"key":"529_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ettrup KS, Glud AN, Orlowski D, Fitting LM, Meier K, Soerensen JC, et al. Basic surgical techniques in the g\u00f6ttingen minipig: intubation, bladder catheterization, femoral vessel catheterization, and transcardial perfusion. J Vis Exp. 2011;2652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/2652.","DOI":"10.3791\/2652"},{"key":"529_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21077","volume":"97","author":"CA Squier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Squier CA, Mantz MJ, Schlievert PM, Davis CC. Porcine vagina ex vivo as a model for studying permeability and pathogenesis in mucosa. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97:9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jps.21077.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"529_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313482777","volume":"41","author":"A Tortereau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tortereau A, Howroyd P, Lorentsen H. Onset of puberty and normal histological appearances of the reproductive organs in peripubertal female G\u00f6ttingen minipigs. Toxicol Pathol. 2013;41:1116\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192623313482777.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR84","first-page":"239","volume":"68","author":"JS Baxter","year":"1934","unstructured":"Baxter JS. Some observations on the development of the vagina in the pig. J Anat. 1934;68:239\u2013250.1.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"529_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1225","volume":"4","author":"A Kobayashi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Behringer RR. Developmental genetics of the female reproductive tract in mammals. Nat Rev Genet. 2003;4:969\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"529_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0274-0","volume":"46","author":"E Lorenzen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lorenzen E, Kudirkiene E, Gutman N, Grossi AB, Agerholm JS, Erneholm K, et al. The vaginal microbiome is stable in prepubertal and sexually mature Ellegaard G\u00f6ttingen Minipigs throughout an estrous cycle. Vet Res. 2015;46:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-015-0274-0.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"529_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2010.05.006","volume":"62","author":"L Ellegaard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellegaard L, Cunningham A, Edwards S, Grand N, Nevalainen T, Prescott M, et al. Welfare of the minipig with special reference to use in regulatory toxicology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2010;62:167\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vascn.2010.05.006.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"529_CR88","unstructured":"(2004) Science, medicine, and animals. National Academies Press"},{"key":"529_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623316630838","volume":"44","author":"TM Monticello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monticello TM, Haschek WM. Swine in translational research and drug development. Toxicol Pathol. 2016;44:297\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006002","volume":"37","author":"G Entrican","year":"2006","unstructured":"Entrican G, Wheelhouse NM. Immunity in the female sheep reproductive tract. Vet Res. 2006;37:295\u2013309.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"529_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6882263x","volume":"68","author":"SG Schoenian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schoenian SG, Burfening PJ. Ovulation rate, lambing rate, litter size and embryo survival of Rambouillet sheep selected for high and low reproductive rate. J Anim Sci. 1990;68:2263\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/1990.6882263x.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"529_CR92","unstructured":"(2003) SID sheep production handbook. American Sheep Industry Association, Centennial Colo."},{"key":"529_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31819496e4","volume":"36","author":"KL Vincent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vincent KL, Bourne N, Bell BA, Vargas G, Tan A, Cowan D, et al. High resolution imaging of epithelial injury in the sheep cervicovaginal tract: a promising model for testing safety of candidate microbicides. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:312\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31819496e4.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"529_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00547-13","volume":"57","author":"JA Moss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moss JA, Malone AM, Smith TJ, Kennedy S, Nguyen C, Vincent KL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a multipurpose pod-intravaginal ring simultaneously delivering five drugs in an ovine model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:3994\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00547-13.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"529_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04954-14","volume":"59","author":"JDS Holt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holt JDS, Cameron D, Dias N, Holding J, Muntendam A, Oostebring F, et al. The sheep as a model of preclinical safety and pharmacokinetic evaluations of candidate microbicides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:3761\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.04954-14.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"529_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.040","volume":"178","author":"C Rubod","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rubod C, Boukerrou M, Brieu M, Dubois P, Cosson M. Biomechanical properties of vaginal tissue. Part 1: New Experimental Protocol. J Urol. 2007;178:320\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.040.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"529_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1159\/000142563","volume":"57","author":"D Bulmer","year":"1964","unstructured":"Bulmer D. The epithelia of the developing female genital tract in the sheep. Acta Anat (Basel). 1964;57:349\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000142563.","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"529_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swartz JD, Lachman M, Westveer K, O\u00e2\u20ac\u2122Neill T, Geary T, Kott RW, et al. Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of ewes and cows reveals a unique microbiota with low levels of lactobacilli and near-neutral pH. Front Vet Sci. 2014;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2014.00019.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2014.00019"},{"key":"529_CR99","unstructured":"McKinley M and VDO (2012) Human anatomy, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY"},{"key":"529_CR100","volume-title":"Vander\u2019s human physiology : the mechanisms of body function","author":"EP Widmaier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Widmaier EP, Raff H, KTS. Vander\u2019s human physiology : the mechanisms of body function. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.","edition":"12"},{"key":"529_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.022","volume":"463","author":"D Coss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coss D. Regulation of reproduction via tight control of gonadotropin hormone levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;463:116\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.022.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"529_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1998.0167","volume":"19","author":"NC Buffet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buffet NC, Djakoure C, Maitre SC, Bouchard P. Regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1998;19:151\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/frne.1998.0167.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"529_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000291946","volume":"42","author":"PB Pendergrass","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pendergrass PB, Reeves CA, Belovicz MW, Molter DJ, White JH. The shape and dimensions of the human vagina as seen in three-dimensional vinyl polysiloxane casts. Gynecol Obstet Investig. 1996;42:178\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000291946.","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Investig"},{"key":"529_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-2949-0","volume":"27","author":"J Luo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo J, Betschart C, Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JOL. Quantitative analyses of variability in normal vaginal shape and dimension on MR images. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27:1087\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00192-016-2949-0.","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"529_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000889","volume":"111","author":"AH Appelbaum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Appelbaum AH, Zuber JK, Levi-D\u2019Ancona R, Cohen HL. Vaginal anatomy on MRI: new information obtained using distention. South Med J. 2018;111:691\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000889.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"529_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del022","volume":"21","author":"KT Barnhart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnhart KT, Izquierdo A, Pretorius ES, Shera DM, Shabbout M, Shaunik A. Baseline dimensions of the human vagina. Hum Reprod. 2006;21:1618\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/del022.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"529_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12230","volume":"71","author":"DJ Anderson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson DJ, Marathe J, Pudney J. The structure of the human vaginal stratum corneum and its role in immune defense. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014;71:618\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.12230.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"529_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patton DL, Thwin SS, Meier A, et al (2000) Epithelial cell layer thickness and immune cell populations in the normal human vagina at different stages of the menstrual cycle. In: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Mosby Inc., pp 967\u2013973","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108857"},{"key":"529_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0079-x","volume":"273","author":"M Farage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Farage M, Maibach H. Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;273:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"529_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.01.007","volume":"39","author":"JZ Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou JZ, Way SS, Chen K. Immunology of the uterine and vaginal mucosae. Trends Immunol. 2018;39:302\u201314.","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"529_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104972","volume":"9","author":"D Ulrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ulrich D, Edwards SL, Letouzey V, Su K, White JF, Rosamilia A, et al. Regional variation in tissue composition and biomechanical properties of postmenopausal ovine and human vagina. PLoS One. 2014;9:e104972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0104972.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"529_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SSK, McCulle SL, et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:4680\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1002611107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"529_CR113","first-page":"331","volume":"89","author":"KL Nunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nunn KL, Forney LJ. Unraveling the dynamics of the human vaginal microbiome. Yale J Biol Med. 2016;89:331\u20137.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"529_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","volume":"4","author":"P Gajer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gajer P, Brotman RM, Bai G, et al. Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:132ra52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"529_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80024-0","volume":"1","author":"V Pybus","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pybus V, Onderdonk AB. Microbial interactions in the vaginal ecosystem, with emphasis on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Microbes Infect. 1999;1:285\u201392.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"529_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1086\/315127","volume":"180","author":"HL Martin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martin HL, Richardson BA, Nyange PM, Lavreys L, Hillier SL, Chohan B, et al. Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1863\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/315127.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"529_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.027","volume":"192","author":"B Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen B, Wen Y, Yu X, Polan ML. Elastin metabolism in pelvic tissues: is it modulated by reproductive hormones? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:1605\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.027.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"529_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2292-2298.2002","volume":"46","author":"FC Krebs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krebs FC, Miller SR, Catalone BJ, Fichorova R, Anderson D, Malamud D, et al. Comparative in vitro sensitivities of human immune cell lines, vaginal and cervical epithelial cell lines, and primary cells to candidate microbicides nonoxynol 9, C31G, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:2292\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2292-2298.2002.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"529_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128557","volume":"10","author":"IA Zalenskaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zalenskaya IA, Joseph T, Bavarva J, Yousefieh N, Jackson SS, Fashemi T, et al. Gene expression profiling of human vaginal cells in vitro discriminates compounds with pro-inflammatory and mucosa-altering properties: novel biomarkers for preclinical testing of HIV microbicide candidates. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0128557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0128557.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"529_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67946-3","volume":"163","author":"N Rajan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rajan N, Pruden DL, Kaznari H, et al. Characterization of an immortalized human vaginal epithelial cell line. J Urol. 2000;163:616\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67946-3.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"529_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000178","volume":"21","author":"S Medel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Medel S, Alarab M, Kufaishi H, Drutz H, Shynlova O. Attachment of primary vaginal fibroblasts to absorbable and nonabsorbable implant materials coated with platelet-rich plasma: Potential application in pelvic organ prolapse surgery. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2015;21:190\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000178.","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"529_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00638-2","volume":"75","author":"Y Cruz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cruz Y, Hudson R, Pacheco P, Lucio RA, Mart\u0131\u0301nez-G\u00f3mez M. Anatomical and physiological characteristics of perineal muscles in the female rabbit. Physiol Behav. 2002;75:33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00638-2.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"529_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patnaik SS, Borazjani A, Brazile B, et al (2016) Pelvic floor biomechanics from animal models. In: Biomechanics of the female pelvic floor. Elsevier Inc., pp 131\u2013148","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803228-2.00006-4"},{"key":"529_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2016-0059","volume":"30","author":"A Ishii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ishii A, Ogawa B, Koyama T, Nakanishi Y, Sasaki M. Influence of the estrus cycle on the evaluation of a vaginal irritation study in intact and ovariectomized rats. J Toxicol Pathol. 2017;30:161\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1293\/tox.2016-0059.","journal-title":"J Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"529_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-061008-124823","volume":"11","author":"JA Ashton-Miller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashton-Miller JA, DeLancey JOL. On the biomechanics of vaginal birth and common sequelae. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2009;11:163\u201376.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"529_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/534310a","volume":"534","author":"M Scudellari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scudellari M. A decade of : iPS Cells. Nature. 2016;534:310\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/534310a.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"529_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12257","volume":"227","author":"E Knight","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knight E, Przyborski S. Advances in 3D cell culture technologies enabling tissue-like structures to be created in vitro. J Anat. 2015;227:746\u201356.","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"529_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0036","volume":"26","author":"W Jakubowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jakubowska W, Chabaud S, Saba I, Galbraith T, Berthod F, Bolduc S. Prevascularized tissue-engineered human vaginal mucosa: in vitro optimization and in vivo validation. Tissue Eng - Part A. 2020;26:811\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0036.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng - Part A"},{"key":"529_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36066","volume":"105","author":"JK Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang JK, Du RX, Zhang L, et al. A new material for tissue engineered vagina reconstruction: acellular porcine vagina matrix. J Biomed Mater Res - Part A. 2017;105:1949\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.a.36066.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res - Part A"},{"key":"529_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12143","volume":"10","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu L, Zhou H, Sun Z, Lou W, Lang J. Anatomic and sexual outcomes after vaginoplasty using tissue-engineered biomaterial graft in patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-K\u00fcster-Hauser syndrome: a new minimally invasive and effective surgery. J Sex Med. 2013;10:1652\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsm.12143.","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"529_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2012.673586","volume":"8","author":"B Sarmento","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarmento B, Andrade F, Da Silva SB, et al. Cell-based in vitro models for predicting drug permeability. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012;8:607\u201321.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"529_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20112","volume":"24","author":"NM Guaderrama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guaderrama NM, Nager CW, Liu J, Pretorius DH, Mittal RK. The vaginal pressure profile. Neurourol Urodyn. 2005;24:243\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.20112.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T13:18:28Z","timestamp":1621862308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00529-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-7191","1933-7205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-7205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}