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By using surgical dissection of the removed ovary, rather than a needle stick, we can obtain many oocytes from very small follicles not visible with ultrasound. A clearer understanding of ovarian function has come from in vitro oogenesis experiments, and that explains why IVM has now become so simple and robust. Tissue pressure (and just a few \u201ccore genes\u201d in the mouse) direct primordial follicle recruitment and development to mature oocyte, and therefore also control ovarian longevity. There are three distinct phases to oocyte development both in vitro and in vivo: in vitro differentiation \u201cIVD\u201d which is not gonadotropin sensitive (the longest phase), in vitro gonadotropin sensitivity \u201cIVG\u201d which is the phase of gonadotropin stimulation to prepare for meiotic competence, and IVM to metaphase II. On any given day 35% of GVs in ovarian tissue have already undergone \u201cIVD\u201d and \u201cIVG\u201d in vivo, and therefore are ready for IVM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01427-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T17:02:05Z","timestamp":1703955725000},"page":"1234-1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro Oogenesis, and Ovarian Longevity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sherman J.","family":"Silber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sierra","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilani","family":"Castleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02263-5","volume":"38","author":"M De Vos","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Vos M, Grynberg M, Ho TM, Yuan Y, Albertini DF, Gilchrist RB. 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