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On this, the current study was conducted to assess the protective impacts and the promising role of the chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) and the clove-chitosan nanoparticle (CNPs) against infertility caused by the high-fat diet (HFD) in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CNPs were produced and characterized using UV\u2013Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. Hyperlipidemia causes male infertility by induction of HFD for 4\u00a0weeks. 24 rats were divided into four groups (n\u2009=\u20096) as follows: Control: were fed on regular chow pellets. HFD: were fed on HFD. HFD\u2009+\u2009ChNPs: were fed on HFD along with ChNPs (45\u00a0mg\/kg.b.wt). HFD\u2009+\u2009CNPs: were fed on HFD along with CNPs (45\u00a0mg\/kg.b.wt).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>compared to the HFD model group, administration of ChNPs and CNPs revealed a significant decline in final body weight and weight gain and a significant increase in sex hormone levels, total proteins, HDL-cholesterol, sperm motility, sperm count, seminal fructose level, glutathione reduced, and catalase, along with optimizing testicular architecture. Furthermore, CNPs caused a significant decrease in glucose, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, sperm abnormality, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. CNPs treatment helps repair and restore the germinal epithelium and shows normal seminiferous tubules and have the leading effect than ChNPs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CNPs alleviate testicular dysfunction caused by HFD by reducing hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, restoring sex hormone levels, enhancing spermatogenesis, and balancing oxidants-antioxidants system. CNPs showed a synergistic effect on fertility compared to chitosan and clove used independently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-026-02076-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T16:15:18Z","timestamp":1775060118000},"page":"758-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clove-Chitosan Nanoparticles Alleviate Fertility Impairment and Reproductive Dysfunction in Obese Male Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sama Yassen","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5085-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman Saber","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Imam","family":"Dakrory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7304-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mennatallah H.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113930","volume":"14","author":"A Kaltsas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaltsas A, Koumenis A, Stavropoulos M, Kratiras Z, Deligiannis D, Adamos K, et al. 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