{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:58:29Z","timestamp":1791388709130,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod. Sci."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    During gestation, the myometrium remains relaxed but undergoes a phenotypic transformation near term that initiates labor. This coincides with increased expression of contraction-associated proteins (CAPs) and decreased expression of relaxation-associated proteins (RAPs), thereby promoting the development of powerful synchronous contractions that deliver the fetus. We do not yet fully understand the biochemical signaling pathways and physiological changes that occur as human myometrium transitions from a non-laboring to a laboring phenotype. An ex vivo model for the onset of human labor can expand our knowledge. This study aimed to assess whether non-laboring pregnant human myometrium in culture undergoes a phenotypic transformation that is consistent with transitioning toward a labor-like phenotype. Term, non-laboring pregnant human myometrium biopsies were collected. A small portion was immediately snap-frozen (0\u00a0h time point), while the remaining tissue was dissected into small pieces, incubated for 48\u00a0h in serum-free medium, and then snap-frozen. Changes in the mRNA abundance of key myometrial genes were assessed by qRT-PCR, and protein levels were quantified by Western blotting. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism. Myometrial expression of key CAPs, including\n                    <jats:italic>GJA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ESR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PTGS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NF\u03baB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NF\u03baB3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>AKR1C1,<\/jats:italic>\n                    increased significantly, while expression of the RAPs,\n                    <jats:italic>PLCL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>HSPB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>HSPB6<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was decreased significantly after 48\u00a0h of ex vivo culture. Term, non-laboring pregnant human myometrial explants undergo coordinated molecular remodeling during 48\u00a0h of ex vivo culture, with many changes paralleling those reported at term labor in vivo. These findings support prolonged explant culture as a model of the molecular transition toward a labor-like state, while also demonstrating that cultured non-laboring explants may no longer faithfully represent the original non-laboring phenotype.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:16:26Z","timestamp":1790190986000},"page":"2109-2132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Ex Vivo Model for the Onset of Human Labor"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Paredes","family":"Barreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-1005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Gregson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9637-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-6948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Reduanul","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick R.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4720-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamas","family":"Zakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3064-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR1","first-page":"514","volume":"21","author":"JRG Challis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Challis JRG, Matthews SG, Gibb W, Lye SJ. Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(5):514\u201350.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"2214_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.002","volume":"23","author":"R Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith R, Paul J, Maiti K, Tolosa J, Madsen G. Recent advances in understanding the endocrinology of human birth. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2012;23(10):516\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.002.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02619585","volume":"20","author":"ML Casey","year":"1984","unstructured":"Casey ML, MacDonald PC, Mitchell MD, Snyder JM. Maintenance and characterization of human myometrial smooth muscle cells in monolayer culture. In Vitro. 1984;20(5):396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02619585.","journal-title":"In Vitro"},{"key":"2214_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6","volume":"25","author":"L Hayflick","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hayflick L, Moorhead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1961;25:585\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4827(61)90192-6.","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1224","volume":"89","author":"N Perez-Reyes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perez-Reyes N, Halbert CL, Smith PP, Benditt EP, McDougall JK. Immortalization of primary human smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(4):1224\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.89.4.1224.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.2.427","volume":"55","author":"M Monga","year":"1996","unstructured":"Monga M, Ku CY, Dodge K, Sanborn BM. Oxytocin-stimulated responses in a pregnant human immortalized myometrial cell line. Biol Reprod. 1996;55(2):427\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod55.2.427.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.2.506","volume":"67","author":"J Condon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Condon J, Yin S, Mayhew B, Word RA, Wright WE, Shay JW, et al. Telomerase immortalization of human myometrial cells. Biol Reprod. 2002;67(2):506\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod67.2.506.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"9","key":"2214_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah086","volume":"10","author":"MS Soloff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Soloff MS, Jeng YJ, Ilies M, Soloff SL, Izban MG, Wood TG, et al. Immortalization and characterization of human myometrial cells from term-pregnant patients using a telomerase expression vector. Mol Hum Reprod. 2004;10(9):685\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gah086.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1274","volume":"76","author":"E Bell","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bell E, Ivarsson B, Merrill C. Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1979;76(3):1274\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.76.3.1274.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"2214_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-00960-9","volume":"29","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Xu W, Chowdhury I, Driss A, Ali M, Yang Q, et al. Human myometrial and uterine fibroid stem cell-derived organoids for intervening the pathophysiology of uterine fibroid. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(9):2607\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-022-00960-9.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.02.037","volume":"97","author":"M Malik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malik M, Catherino WH. Development and validation of a three-dimensional in vitro model for uterine leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(6):1287\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.02.037.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2214_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040683","volume":"18","author":"GR Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souza GR, Tseng H, Gage JA, Mani A, Desai P, Leonard F, et al. Magnetically bioprinted human myometrial 3D cell rings as a model for uterine contractility. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18040683.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2214_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632320","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1632320","volume":"13","author":"C Ulrich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ulrich C, Siddiqui K, Baldwin LK, Hua W, Kuklok JK, Okaikoi JJ, et al. A bioprinted model of pregnant human uterine myometrium. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025;13:1632320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1632320.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2214_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-024-01724-3","volume":"31","author":"P Pellegrino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pellegrino P, Greco S, Dumenigo Gonzalez A, Giampieri F, Giannubilo SR, Delli Carpini G, et al. Establishment of 3D cultures of myometrium, leiomyoma, and leiomyosarcoma cells: advantages and disadvantages of two different models. Reprod Sci. 2024;31(12):3729\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-024-01724-3.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703322066633","volume":"9","author":"RC Young","year":"2003","unstructured":"Young RC, Schumann R, Zhang P. Three-dimensional culture of human uterine smooth muscle myocytes on a resorbable scaffolding. Tissue Eng. 2003;9(3):451\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/107632703322066633.","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"2214_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae214","volume":"39","author":"C Busch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Busch C, Hill CJ, Paterson K, Mellin R, Zagnoni M, Hapangama DK, et al. Functional, patient-derived 3D tri-culture models of the uterine wall in a microfluidic array. Hum Reprod. 2024;39(11):2537\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deae214.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"8","key":"2214_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaw037","volume":"22","author":"EX Georgiou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Georgiou EX, Lei K, Lai PF, Yulia A, Herbert BR, Castellanos M, et al. The study of progesterone action in human myometrial explants. Mol Hum Reprod. 2016;22(8):877\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/gaw037.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2214_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.53.73","volume":"53","author":"M Ilicic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ilicic M, Butler T, Zakar T, Paul JW. The expression of genes involved in myometrial contractility changes during ex situ culture of pregnant human uterine smooth muscle tissue. J Smooth Muscle Res. 2017;53:73\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1540\/jsmr.53.73.","journal-title":"J Smooth Muscle Res"},{"key":"2214_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4589214","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4589214","volume":"2017","author":"M Ilicic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ilicic M, Zakar T, Paul JW. Modulation of progesterone receptor isoform expression in pregnant human myometrium. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:4589214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4589214.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01333-6","volume":"31","author":"M Paul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paul M, Barreda AP, Gregson A, Kahl R, King M, Hussein WM, et al. Regulation of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in term pregnant human myometrium ex vivo. Reprod Sci. 2024;31(1):150\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-023-01333-6.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90415-4","volume":"171","author":"T Bossmar","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bossmar T, Akerlund M, Fantoni G, Szamatowicz J, Melin P, Maggi M. Receptors for and myometrial responses to oxytocin and vasopressin in preterm and term human pregnancy: effects of the oxytocin antagonist atosiban. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(6):1634\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2214_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01413.x","volume":"16","author":"L Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen L, Sooranna SR, Lei K, Kandola M, Bennett PR, Liang Z, et al. Cyclic AMP increases COX-2 expression via mitogen-activated kinase in human myometrial cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2012;16(7):1447\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01413.x.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(94)70284-5","volume":"170","author":"L Chow","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chow L, Lye SJ. Expression of the gap junction protein connexin-43 is increased in the human myometrium toward term and with the onset of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(3):788\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(94)70284-5.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90677-x","volume":"150","author":"AR Fuchs","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fuchs AR, Fuchs F, Husslein P, Soloff MS. Oxytocin receptors in the human uterus during pregnancy and parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150(6):734\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90677-x.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2214_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085626","volume":"25","author":"RH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee RH, Stanczyk FZ, Stolz A, Ji Q, Yang G, Goodwin TM. AKR1C1 and SRD5A1 messenger RNA expression at term in the human myometrium and chorioamniotic membranes. Am J Perinatol. 2008;25(9):577\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0028-1085626.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0077","volume":"92","author":"AA Merlino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Merlino AA, Welsh TN, Tan H, Yi LJ, Cannon V, Mercer BM, et al. Nuclear progesterone receptors in the human pregnancy myometrium: evidence that parturition involves functional progesterone withdrawal mediated by increased expression of progesterone receptor-A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(5):1927\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"2214_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70157-2","volume":"180","author":"SD Moore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moore SD, Brodt-Eppley J, Cornelison LM, Burk SE, Slater DM, Myatt L. Expression of prostaglandin H synthase isoforms in human myometrium at parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(1 Pt 1):103\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(99)70157-2.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2214_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.9.875","volume":"7","author":"D Pieber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pieber D, Allport VC, Hills F, Johnson M, Bennett PR. Interactions between progesterone receptor isoforms in myometrial cells in human labour. Mol Hum Reprod. 2001;7(9):875\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-1-155","volume":"127","author":"J Rivera","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rivera J, Lopez Bernal A, Varney M, Watson SP. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and oxytocin binding in human myometrium. Endocrinology. 1990;127(1):155\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-127-1-155.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155413","volume":"11","author":"GC Sharp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharp GC, Hutchinson JL, Hibbert N, Freeman TC, Saunders PT, Norman JE. Transcription analysis of the myometrium of labouring and non-labouring women. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0155413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0155413.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"19","key":"2214_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200650109","volume":"109","author":"KC Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams KC, Renthal NE, Condon JC, Gerard RD, Mendelson CR. MicroRNA-200a serves a key role in the decline of progesterone receptor function leading to term and preterm labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(19):7529\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1200650109.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8609","volume":"87","author":"S Mesiano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mesiano S, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Kwek K, Yeo G, Smith R. Progesterone withdrawal and estrogen activation in human parturition are coordinated by progesterone receptor A expression in the myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(6):2924\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8609.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"14","key":"2214_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6773","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16681","volume":"25","author":"L Nadeem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nadeem L, Balendran R, Dorogin A, Mesiano S, Shynlova O, Lye SJ. Pro-inflammatory signals induce 20alpha-HSD expression in myometrial cells: a key mechanism for local progesterone withdrawal. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(14):6773\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.16681.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2214_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-023-01183-2","author":"M Paul","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paul M, Zakar T, Phung J, Gregson A, Barreda AP, Butler TA, et al. 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in the human myometrium at term and preterm birth: relationships to fetal sex and maternal body mass index. Reprod Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-023-01183-2.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2214_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11565","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11565","volume":"7","author":"L Nadeem","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nadeem L, Shynlova O, Matysiak-Zablocki E, Mesiano S, Dong X, Lye S. Molecular evidence of functional progesterone withdrawal in human myometrium. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms11565.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072868","volume":"99","author":"YW Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan YW, van den Berg HA, Moore JD, Quenby S, Blanks AM. Assessment of myometrial transcriptome changes associated with spontaneous human labour by high-throughput RNA-seq. Exp Physiol. 2014;99(3):510\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072868.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0358","volume":"212","author":"T Welsh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Welsh T, Johnson M, Yi L, Tan H, Rahman R, Merlino A, et al. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression and function in the pregnant human myometrium: estradiol via ERalpha activates ERK1\/2 signaling in term myometrium. J Endocrinol. 2012;212(2):227\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-11-0358.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2214_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00778-x","volume":"29","author":"M Ilicic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ilicic M, Zakar T, Gregson A, Hussein WM, Smith R, Paul JW. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: providing new insights and therapeutic avenues for unlocking human birth. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(11):3134\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-021-00778-x.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364190","volume":"6","author":"J Huggett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huggett J, Dheda K, Bustin S, Zumla A. Real-time RT-PCR normalisation; strategies and considerations. Genes Immun. 2005;6(4):279\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.gene.6364190.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0662","volume":"149","author":"DA MacIntyre","year":"2008","unstructured":"MacIntyre DA, Tyson EK, Read M, Smith R, Yeo G, Kwek K, et al. Contraction in human myometrium is associated with changes in small heat shock proteins. Endocrinology. 2008;149(1):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00426","volume":"129","author":"BG White","year":"2005","unstructured":"White BG, Williams SJ, Highmore K, Macphee DJ. Small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression is highly induced in rat myometrium during late pregnancy and labour. Reproduction. 2005;129(1):115\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep.1.00426.","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-06-0291","volume":"133","author":"BE Cross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cross BE, O\u2019Dea HM, MacPhee DJ. Expression of small heat shock-related protein 20 (HSP20) in rat myometrium is markedly decreased during late pregnancy and labour. Reproduction. 2007;133(4):807\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-06-0291.","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"12","key":"2214_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/8.12.1071","volume":"8","author":"N Chegini","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chegini N, Ma C, Tang XM, Williams RS. Effects of GnRH analogues, \u2018add-back\u2019 steroid therapy, antiestrogen and antiprogestins on leiomyoma and myometrial smooth muscle cell growth and transforming growth factor-beta expression. Mol Hum Reprod. 2002;8(12):1071\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/8.12.1071.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"12","key":"2214_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E437","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1541","volume":"95","author":"Y Cordeaux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cordeaux Y, Tattersall M, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GC. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on gene expression in myometrial explants from pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):E437\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1541.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"2214_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109340926","volume":"16","author":"L Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson L, Martin W, Higgins C, Nelson SM, Norman JE. The effect of progesterone on myometrial contractility, potassium channels, and tocolytic efficacy. Reprod Sci. 2009;16(11):1052\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719109340926.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021542","volume":"6","author":"J Paul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paul J, Maiti K, Read M, Hure A, Smith J, Chan EC, et al. Phasic phosphorylation of caldesmon and ERK 1\/2 during contractions in human myometrium. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(6):e21542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021542.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.027","volume":"216","author":"JW Paul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paul JW, Hua S, Ilicic M, Tolosa JM, Butler T, Robertson S, et al. Drug delivery to the human and mouse uterus using immunoliposomes targeted to the oxytocin receptor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(3):283 e1-283 e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.027.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2214_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0348","volume":"150","author":"EK Tyson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tyson EK, Smith R, Read M. Evidence that corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates myometrial contractility during human pregnancy. Endocrinology. 2009;150(12):5617\u201325.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"2214_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)90697-8","volume":"163","author":"I Martinez-Mir","year":"1990","unstructured":"Martinez-Mir I, Esta\u00f1 L, Morales-Olivas FJ, Rubio E. Studies of the spontaneous motility and the effect of histamine on isolated myometrial strips of the nonpregnant human uterus: the influence of various uterine abnormalities. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163(1 Pt 1):189\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9378(11)90697-8.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0970507","volume":"97","author":"J Phoenix","year":"1993","unstructured":"Phoenix J, Wray S. Changes in frequency and force production of the human myometrium with alteration of pH and metabolism. J Reprod Fertil. 1993;97(2):507\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/jrf.0.0970507.","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1668","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.275.6.C1668","volume":"275","author":"KK Bradley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bradley KK, Buxton IL, Barber JE, McGaw T, Bradley ME. Nitric oxide relaxes human myometrium by a cGMP-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(6):C1668\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.275.6.C1668.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01600.x","volume":"36","author":"GJ Bugg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bugg GJ, Riley MJ, Johnston TA, Baker PN, Taggart MJ. Hypoxic inhibition of human myometrial contractions in vitro: implications for the regulation of parturition. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006;36(2):133\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01600.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"2214_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.9.880","volume":"5","author":"DM Slater","year":"1999","unstructured":"Slater DM, Dennes WJ, Campa JS, Poston L, Bennett PR. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase types-1 and -2 in human myometrium throughout pregnancy. Mol Hum Reprod. 1999;5(9):880\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/5.9.880.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2214_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011643118","author":"MC Peavey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peavey MC, Wu SP, Li R, Liu J, Emery OM, Wang T, et al. Progesterone receptor isoform B regulates the Oxtr-Plcl2-Trpc3 pathway to suppress uterine contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2011643118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00197","volume":"130","author":"TM Lindstrom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lindstrom TM, Bennett PR. The role of nuclear factor kappa B in human labour. Reproduction. 2005;130(5):569\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep.1.00197.","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"11","key":"2214_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0873","volume":"89","author":"NR Chapman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chapman NR, Europe-Finner GN, Robson SC. Expression and deoxyribonucleic acid-binding activity of the nuclear factor kappaB family in the human myometrium during pregnancy and labor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(11):5683\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-0873.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0242","volume":"20","author":"JC Condon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Condon JC, Hardy DB, Kovaric K, Mendelson CR. Up-regulation of the progesterone receptor (PR)-C isoform in laboring myometrium by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB may contribute to the onset of labor through inhibition of PR function. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20(4):764\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2005-0242.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112446084","volume":"20","author":"O Shynlova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shynlova O, Lee YH, Srikhajon K, Lye SJ. Physiologic uterine inflammation and labor onset: integration of endocrine and mechanical signals. Reprod Sci. 2013;20(2):154\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1933719112446084.","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.430304.x","volume":"43","author":"PN Rauk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rauk PN, Chiao JP. Interleukin-1 stimulates human uterine prostaglandin production through induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2000;43(3):152\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.8755-8920.2000.430304.x.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011403","volume":"68","author":"RM Tribe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tribe RM, Moriarty P, Dalrymple A, Hassoni AA, Poston L. Interleukin-1beta induces calcium transients and enhances basal and store operated calcium entry in human myometrial smooth muscle. Biol Reprod. 2003;68(5):1842\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011403.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1537","volume":"158","author":"GA Peters","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peters GA, Yi L, Skomorovska-Prokvolit Y, Patel B, Amini P, Tan H, et al. Inflammatory stimuli increase progesterone receptor-A stability and transrepressive activity in myometrial cells. Endocrinology. 2017;158(1):158\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2016-1537.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz029","volume":"100","author":"KB Leimert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leimert KB, Verstraeten BSE, Messer A, Nemati R, Blackadar K, Fang X, et al. Cooperative effects of sequential PGF2alpha and IL-1beta on IL-6 and COX-2 expression in human myometrial cellsdagger. Biol Reprod. 2019;100(5):1370\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/ioz029.","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"issue":"3","key":"2214_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2001.d01-6.x","volume":"46","author":"U Friebe-Hoffmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friebe-Hoffmann U, Chiao JP, Rauk PN. Effect of IL-1beta and IL-6 on oxytocin secretion in human uterine smooth muscle cells. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2001;46(3):226\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0897.2001.d01-6.x.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2214_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0289","volume":"134","author":"G Chevillard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chevillard G, Derjuga A, Devost D, Zingg HH, Blank V. Identification of interleukin-1beta regulated genes in uterine smooth muscle cells. Reproduction. 2007;134(6):811\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/REP-07-0289.","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2017.09.006","volume":"17","author":"M Lappas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lappas M. The IL-1beta signalling pathway and its role in regulating pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators in human primary myometrial cells. Reprod Biol. 2017;17(4):333\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.repbio.2017.09.006.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90090-d","volume":"192","author":"MD Mitchell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mitchell MD, Dudley DJ, Edwin SS, Schiller SL. Interleukin-6 stimulates prostaglandin production by human amnion and decidual cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991;192(1):189\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90090-d.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2214_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.4.375","volume":"6","author":"MB Sennstrom","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sennstrom MB, Ekman G, Westergren-Thorsson G, Malmstrom A, Bystrom B, Endresen U, et al. Human cervical ripening, an inflammatory process mediated by cytokines. Mol Hum Reprod. 2000;6(4):375\u201381.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-2-436","volume":"71","author":"E Nishino","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nishino E, Matsuzaki N, Masuhiro K, Kameda T, Taniguchi T, Takagi T, et al. Trophoblast-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates human chorionic gonadotropin release through IL-6 receptor on human trophoblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(2):436\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-71-2-436.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.2.8033820","volume":"135","author":"A Stephanou","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stephanou A, Handwerger S. Interleukin-6 stimulates placental lactogen expression by human trophoblast cells. Endocrinology. 1994;135(2):719\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.135.2.8033820.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2214_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chan LP, Liu C, Chiang FY, Wang LF, Lee KW, Chen WT, Kuo PL, Liang CH. IL-8 promotes inflammatory mediators and stimulates activation of p38 MAPK\/ERK-NF-kappaB pathway and reduction of JNK in HNSCC. Oncotarget. 2017;8:34:56375\u201356388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.16914.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16914"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/s0301-472x(98)00032-0","volume":"27","author":"I Corre","year":"1999","unstructured":"Corre I, Pineau D, Hermouet S. Interleukin-8: an autocrine\/paracrine growth factor for human hematopoietic progenitors acting in synergy with colony stimulating factor-1 to promote monocyte-macrophage growth and differentiation. Exp Hematol. 1999;27(1):28\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0301-472x(98)00032-0.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gag001","volume":"9","author":"I Osman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Osman I, Young A, Ledingham MA, Thomson AJ, Jordan F, Greer IA, et al. Leukocyte density and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human fetal membranes, decidua, cervix and myometrium before and during labour at term. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003;9(1):41\u20135.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.032","volume":"200","author":"S Bollapragada","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bollapragada S, Youssef R, Jordan F, Greer I, Norman J, Nelson S. Term labor is associated with a core inflammatory response in human fetal membranes, myometrium, and cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(1):104 e1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.08.032.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2214_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156927","volume":"190","author":"Q Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Q, Li P, Zheng Z, Sha X, Wang L, Lin B, et al. The synergistic effects of prostaglandin and IL-1beta on myometrial and cervical stromal cells at the onset of labor. Cytokine. 2025;190:156927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156927.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54507-w","volume":"14","author":"TE Lopez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez TE, Zhang H, Bouysse E, Neiers F, Ye XY, Garrido C, et al. A pivotal role for the IL-1beta and the inflammasome in preterm labor. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):4234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-54507-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1784","volume":"266","author":"M Otsuki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Otsuki M, Fukami K, Kohno T, Yokota J, Takenawa T. Identification and characterization of a new phospholipase C-like protein, PLC-L(2). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;266(1):97\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1784.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2214_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106160","volume":"224","author":"WN Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li WN, Dickson MJ, DeMayo FJ, Wu SP. The role of progesterone receptor isoforms in the myometrium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2022;224:106160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106160.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"319","key":"2214_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0376","volume":"7","author":"L Ying","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ying L, Becard M, Lyell D, Han X, Shortliffe L, Husted CI, et al. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel modulates uterine tone during pregnancy. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(319):319ra204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0376.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.04.005","volume":"119","author":"S Salinthone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salinthone S, Tyagi M, Gerthoffer WT. Small heat shock proteins in smooth muscle. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;119(1):44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.04.005.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s0898-6568(98)00028-x","volume":"11","author":"MJ Leroy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leroy MJ, Mehats C, Duc-Goiran P, Tanguy G, Robert B, Dallot E, et al. Effect of pregnancy on PDE4 cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human myometrium. Cell Signal. 1999;11(1):31\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0898-6568(98)00028-x.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2214_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3310","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106562200","volume":"277","author":"SD Rybalkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rybalkin SD, Rybalkina IG, Feil R, Hofmann F, Beavo JA. Regulation of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(5):3310\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M106562200.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"2214_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.09.002","volume":"12","author":"A Belmonte","year":"2005","unstructured":"Belmonte A, Ticconi C, Dolci S, Giorgi M, Zicari A, Lenzi A, et al. Regulation of phosphodiesterase 5 expression and activity in human pregnant and non-pregnant myometrial cells by human chorionic gonadotropin. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2005;12(8):570\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.09.002.","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2214_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.472","volume":"97","author":"JM Hetman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hetman JM, Soderling SH, Glavas NA, Beavo JA. Cloning and characterization of PDE7B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(1):472\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.97.1.472.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2214_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L279","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00170.2002","volume":"284","author":"SJ Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith SJ, Brookes-Fazakerley S, Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ, Barnette MS, Giembycz MA. Ubiquitous expression of phosphodiesterase 7A in human proinflammatory and immune cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003;284(2):L279\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajplung.00170.2002.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"}],"container-title":["Reproductive Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:45:23Z","timestamp":1791387923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-026-02214-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-7191","1933-7205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-7191","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-7205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Hunter and New England Area Human Research Ethics Committee (2019\/ETH12330).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants gave informed written consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}