{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:33:59Z","timestamp":1789238039027,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spine Deform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinicians and patients must weigh the benefits of radiological imaging against the risks of radiation exposure in the diagnosis and treatment of scoliosis. This report aims to estimate the cumulative absorbed and equivalent dose of radiation in patients undergoing surgical treatment for scoliosis, and to present this as an estimated risk of cancer compared to background radiation levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Retrospective review of estimated absorbed dose on the Computerised Radiology Information System (CRIS<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>). Patients undergoing surgical correction of scoliosis (age\u2009\u2264\u200925) from August 2010 to August 2015 investigated. Estimated absorbed dose [milligrays (mGy)] recorded. Pedicle screws inserted using image intensification. Equivalent dose [millisieverts (mSv)] and additional cancer risk calculated from the National Research Council document \u2018Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionising radiation\u2019 (2006).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>271 patients identified. Mean age 15 (range 2\u201325). Mean total absorbed dose 2136\u00a0mGy [standard deviation (SD) 1700\u00a0mGy]. Mean number of plain spine radiographs was 8 (SD 3) with total 1884\u00a0mGy exposure (SD 1609\u00a0mGy). Additional dose provided by CT (mean 0.17 episodes), plain chest and abdominal radiographs and image intensification. Mean number of image intensification episodes was 1.1 with mean estimated exposure 180\u00a0mGy (SD 238\u00a0mGy). Image intensification accounted for 8% of the estimated absorbed dose during treatment. Estimated mean effective dose delivered was 20.952\u00a0mSv equating to an additional cancer risk of 0.27\u20130.45%.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Additional cancer risk from cumulative imaging is small and equivalent to approximately 8\u00a0years of natural background radiation. Use of image intensification for pedicle screw insertion is a minor contribution (8%) to the total patient dose.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00314-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T18:42:50Z","timestamp":1614796970000},"page":"949-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Estimated cumulative X-ray exposure and additional cancer risk during the evaluation and treatment of scoliosis in children and young people requiring surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. R.","family":"Loughenbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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All authors fulfil the four criteria stated in the submission guidelines and based on\/adapted from ICMJE, defining the role of authors and contributors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Available at request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}}]}}