{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:46:14Z","timestamp":1790876774556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spine Deform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T03:32:18Z","timestamp":1635305538000},"page":"257-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Proximal junctional kyphosis in pediatric spinal deformity surgery: a systematic review and critical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Erkilinc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith D.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Pasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2098-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Justin","family":"Mistovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"429_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000158","volume":"28","author":"DL Reames","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reames DL, Kasliwal MK, Smith JS et al (2015) Time to development, clinical and radiographic characteristics, and management of proximal junctional kyphosis following adult thoracolumbar instrumented fusion for spinal deformity. J Spinal Disord Tech 28:106\u2013114","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"429_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199904150-00011","volume":"24","author":"GA Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee GA, Betz RR, Clements DH 3rd et al (1999) Proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24:795\u2013799","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"429_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000169451.76359.49","volume":"30","author":"RC Glattes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glattes RC, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG et al (2005) Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion. Incidence, outcomes, and risk factor analysis. Spine 30:1643\u20131649","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181c77f8c","volume":"35","author":"MD Helgeson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helgeson MD, Shah SA, Newton PO et al (2010) Evaluation of proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following pedicle screw, hook, or hybrid instrumentation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35:177\u2013181","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2018.08.011","volume":"7","author":"N Joukhadar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joukhadar N, Kubat O, Heflin J et al (2019) Superior extension of upper instrumented vertebrae in distraction-based surgery: a surrogate for clinically significant proximal junctional kyphosis. Spine Deform 7:371\u2013375","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002593","volume":"43","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen X, Xu L, Qiu Y et al (2018) Incidence, risk factors, and evolution of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior hemivertebra resection and short fusion in young children with congenital scoliosis. Spine 43:1293\u20131300","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR7","first-page":"715","volume":"82","author":"MB Balioglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balioglu MB, Atici Y, Albayrak A et al (2016) The effect of distraction-based growth-friendly spinal instrumentation on growth in early-onset scoliosis. Acta Orthop Belg 82:715\u2013722","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"429_CR8","first-page":"513","volume":"6","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Z, Li S, Qiu Y et al (2017) Evolution of the postoperative sagittal spinal profile in early-onset scoliosis: is there a difference between rib-based and spine-based growth-friendly instrumentation? J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:513\u2013606","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"429_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002109","volume":"20","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen X, Chen ZH, Qiu Y et al (2017) Proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion in young children with congenital scoliosis: a preliminary report on its incidence and risk factors. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 20:1197\u20131203","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"429_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e593","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000905","volume":"37","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Z, Qiu Y, Zhu Z et al (2017) How does hyperkyphotic early-onset scoliosis respond to growing rod treatment? J Pediatr Orthop 37:e593\u2013e598","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4693-z","volume":"25","author":"P Inaparthy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inaparthy P, Queruz JC, Bhagawati D et al (2016) Incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis with magnetic expansion control rods in early onset scoliosis. Eur Spine J 25:3308\u20133315","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"429_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001352","volume":"9","author":"CN Carender","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carender CN, Morris WZ, Poe-Kochert C et al (2016) Low pelvic incidence is associated with proximal junctional kyphosis in patients treated with growing rods. Spine 9:792\u2013797","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000599","volume":"37","author":"R El-Hawary","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Hawary R, Sturm P, Cahill P et al (2017) What is the risk of developing proximal junctional kyphosis during growth friendly treatments for early-onset scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop 37:86\u201391","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"429_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000127","volume":"29","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Uno K, Suzuki T et al (2016) Risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis associated with dual-rod growing-rod surgery for early-onset scoliosis. Clin Spine Surg 29:428\u2013433","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000565","volume":"39","author":"SA Shah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shah SA, Karatas AF, Dhawale AA et al (2014) The effect of serial growing rod lengthening on the sagittal profile and pelvic parameters in early-onset scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 39:1311\u20131317","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2013.07.013","volume":"1","author":"Y Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li Y, Gold M, Karlin L (2013) Proximal junctional kyphosis after vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib insertion. Spine Deform 1(6):425\u2013433","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"429_CR17","first-page":"37","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kawakami N, Tsuji T et al (2017) Proximal junctional kyphosis following posterior hemivertebra resection and short fusion in children younger than 10 years. Clin Spine Surg 4:37\u201376","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"key":"429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003048","volume":"44","author":"LP Lampe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lampe LP, Bovingloh AS, Gosheger G et al (2019) Magnetically controlled growing rods in treatment of early-onset scoliosis. Spine 44:1201\u20131210","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E337","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000661","volume":"31","author":"A Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan A, Hai Y, Yang J et al (2018) Upper instrumented vertebrae distal to T2 leads to a higher incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis during growing-rod treatment for early onset scoliosis. Clin Spine Surg 31:E337\u2013E341","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2019.0094","volume":"62","author":"S Erdogan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erdogan S, Polat B, Atici Y et al (2019) Comparison of the effects of magnetically controlled growing rod and traditional growing rod techniques on the sagittal plane in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 62(5):577\u2013585","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2018.06.014","volume":"7","author":"A Alzakri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alzakri A, Vergari C, Van den Abbeele M et al (2019) global sagittal alignment and proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine Deform 7:236\u2013244","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"429_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2018.02.001","volume":"6","author":"S Ohrt-Nissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohrt-Nissen S, Bari T, Dahl B et al (2018) Sagittal alignment after surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-application of the roussouly classification. Spine Deform 6:537\u2013544","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"429_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.052","volume":"118","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Zhao Z, Tseng C et al (2018) selective fusion in lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. World Neurosurg 118:e784\u2013e791","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2018.05.010","volume":"23","author":"J Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao J, Yang M, Yang Y et al (2018) Proximal junctional kyphosis following correction surgery in the Lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient. J Orthop Sci 23:744\u2013749","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"429_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1322","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002700","volume":"43","author":"JM Pahys","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pahys JM, Vivas AC, Samdani AF et al (2018) Assessment of proximal junctional kyphosis and shoulder balance with proximal screws versus hooks in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 43:E1322\u2013E1328","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2016.10.003","volume":"3","author":"BS Lonner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lonner BS, Ren Y, Newton PO et al (2017) Risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-the pelvis and other considerations. Spine Deformity 3:181\u2013188","journal-title":"Spine Deformity"},{"key":"429_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4838-0","volume":"26","author":"A Angelliaume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Angelliaume A, Ferrero E, Mazda K et al (2017) Titanium vs cobalt chromium: what is the best rod material to enhance adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction with sublaminar bands? Eur Spine J 26:1732\u20131738","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4788-6","volume":"26","author":"A Dubory","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dubory A, Miladi L, Ilharreborde B et al (2017) Cobb-1 versus cobb-to-cobb anterior fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis Lenke 5C curves: a radiological comparative study. Eur Spine J 26:1711\u20131720","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"429_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3639-6","volume":"24","author":"Z Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun Z, Qiu G, Zhao Y, Guo S et al (2015) Risk factors of proximal junctional angle increase after selective posterior thoracolumbar\/lumbar fusion in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 24:290\u2013297","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"429_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000451597.91287.a0","volume":"5","author":"T Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu T, Hai Y (2014) Sagittal plane analysis of selective posterior thoracic spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comparison study of all pedicle screw and hybrid instrumentation. J Spinal Disord Tech 5:277\u2013282","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.01.001","volume":"41","author":"J Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhao Y, Shen B et al (2010) Risk factor analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Injury Int J Care Injured 41:415\u2013420","journal-title":"Injury Int J Care Injured"},{"key":"429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819139ef","volume":"8","author":"PD Sponseller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sponseller PD, Betz R, Newton PO et al (2009) Differences in curve behavior after fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with open triradiate cartilages. Spine 8:827\u2013831","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b5bea","volume":"15","author":"SM Hollenbeck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hollenbeck SM, Glattes RC, Asher MA et al (2008) The prevalence of increased proximal junctional flexion following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 15:1675\u20131681","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815a7ead","volume":"24","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH et al (2007) Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after 3 different types of posterior segmental spinal instrumentation and fusions: incidence and risk factor analysis of 410 cases. Spine 24:2731\u20132738","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318067dc3d","volume":"14","author":"HT Hee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hee HT, Yu ZR, Wong HK (2007) Comparison of segmental pedicle screw instrumentation versus anterior instrumentation in adolescent idiopathic thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis. Spine 14:1533\u20131542","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000069885.72909.bb","volume":"411","author":"SH Yang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yang SH, Chen PQ (2003) Proximal kyphosis after short posterior fusion for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 411:152\u2013158","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"429_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211010-00008","volume":"21","author":"JM Rhee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rhee JM, Bridwell KH, Won DS et al (2002) Sagittal plane analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of anterior versus posterior instrumentation. Spine 21:2350\u20132356","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"429_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5640-y","volume":"27","author":"E Ferrero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferrero E, Bocahut N, Lefevre Y et al (2018) Proximal junctional kyphosis in thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: risk factors and compensatory mechanisms in a multicenter national cohort. Eur Spine J 27:2241\u20132250","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"429_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001400","volume":"40","author":"JF Homans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Homans JF, Kruyt MC, Schl\u00f6sser TPC et al (2020) Changes in the position of the junctional vertebrae after posterior spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: implication in risk assessment of proximal junctional kyphosis development. J Pediatr Orthop 40(2):e84\u2013e90","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"20","key":"429_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3471","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003471","volume":"95","author":"C Yan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yan C, Li Y, Yu Z (2016) Prevalence and consequences of the proximal junctional kyphosis after spinal deformity surgery: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 95(20):e3471","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"429_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f070b5","volume":"35","author":"BA Akbarnia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akbarnia BA, Emans JB (2010) Complications of growth-sparing surgery in early onset scoliosis. Spine 35:2193\u20132204","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E687","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318246d4f2","volume":"37","author":"PJ Cahill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cahill PJ, Wang W, Asghar J et al (2012) The use of a transition rod may prevent proximal junctional kyphosis in the thoracic spine after scoliosis surgery: a finite element analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37(12):E687-95","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"8","key":"429_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E500","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000222","volume":"39","author":"M Cammarata","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cammarata M, Aubin C\u00c9, Wang X et al (2014) Biomechanical risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis: a detailed numerical analysis of surgical instrumentation variables. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 39(8):E500-7","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"12","key":"429_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06145-4","volume":"28","author":"S Pasha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasha S, Baldwin K (2019) Surgical outcome differences between the 3D subtypes of right thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 28(12):3076\u20133084","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"429_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213406","volume":"14","author":"S Pasha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasha S, Hassanzadeh P, Ecker M et al (2019) A hierarchical classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: identifying the distinguishing features in 3D spinal deformities. PLoS One 14:e0213406","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Spine Deformity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T04:26:48Z","timestamp":1675830408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43390-021-00429-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-134X","2212-1358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-134X","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-1358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"R. Justin Mistovich serves as a paid consultant to OrthoPediatrics and Philips Healthcare Companies. Keith D. Baldwin owns stock in Pfizer. Mehmet Erkilinc and Saba Pasha have no financial interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Systematic review. No patient information was accessed for this manuscript. IRB exempt.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}