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Disclosures outside of submitted work: ZB-consultancy: Cerapedics (past), Xenco Medical (past), AO Spine (past); Research Support: SeaSpine (past, paid to the institution), Medical Metrics (past,\u00a0paid directly to institution), Next Science (past,\u00a0paid directly to institution); North American Spine Society: committee member; Lumbar Spine Society: Co-chair Education committee, AOSpine Knowledge Forum Degenerative: Associate member; AOSNA Research committee\u2014committee member; JCW\u2014Royalties\u2014Biomet, Seaspine, Synthes; Investments\/Options\u2014Bone Biologics, Pearldiver, Electrocore, Surgitech; Board of Directors\u2014AO Foundation, American Orthopaedic Association; Fellowship Funding (paid to institution): AO Foundation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable<b>.<\/b>","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}