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SL is a board member for the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, the American Orthopaedic Association, the Cervical Spine Research Society, and the Society for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery; is a consultant for DePuy Synthes and K2M\/Stryker; is a board member for Nuvasive; receives payment for lectures and travel accommodations from DePuy Synthes and K2M\/Stryker; receives payment for patents and royalties from DePuy Synthes; has stock in Innovative Surgical Designs and the American Society for Investigative Pathology; receives research support from AO Spine North America Spine Fellowship support and AOA Omega Grant; is a board member of Maryland Development Corporation; receives royalties from Thieme, Quality Medical Publishers; is on the editorial board of Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques, The Spine Journal, and Contemporary Spine Surgery. TJP, RS, AT, IY, AN, AS, EH, KB, and DG have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"IRB approval was obtained by the University of Maryland IRB (Protocol: HP-00097218) due to the retrospective nature of the study-specific consent requirement was waived by the IRB. This study was conducted in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, its amendments, and other equivalent ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"Institutional IRB deemed this study was exempt from a written participant consent requirement due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Institutional IRB deemed this study was exempt from a written participant consent requirement due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}