{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:15:42Z","timestamp":1788934542166,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spine Deform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T16:13:15Z","timestamp":1714752795000},"page":"1477-1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Utilizing a comprehensive machine learning approach to identify patients at high risk for extended length of stay following spinal deformity surgery in pediatric patients with early onset scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Fields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Zaifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1470-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matan S.","family":"Malka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Rymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Simhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Roye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-022-00613-6","volume":"11","author":"M AlNouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlNouri M, Wada K, Kumagai G et al (2023) Diseases and comorbidities associated with early-onset scoliosis: a retrospective multicenter analysis. Spine Deform 11(2):481\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43390-022-00613-6","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"9","key":"889_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/s1553-7250(15)41052-9","volume":"41","author":"WF Whitcomb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whitcomb WF, Lagu T, Krushell RJ et al (2015) Experience with designing and implementing a bundled payment program for total hip replacement. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 41(9):406\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1553-7250(15)41052-9","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-011-9207-2","volume":"7","author":"LV Gulotta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gulotta LV, Padgett DE, Sculco TP, Urban M, Lyman S, Nestor BJ (2011) Fast track THR: one hospital\u2019s experience with a 2-day length of stay protocol for total hip replacement. HSS J 7(3):223\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11420-011-9207-2","journal-title":"HSS J"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217700106","volume":"7","author":"S Somani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Somani S, Di CJ, Kim JS et al (2017) ASA classification as a risk stratification tool in adult spinal deformity surgery: a study of 5805 patients. Glob Spine J 7(8):719\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568217700106","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.21.00751","volume":"104","author":"H Matsumoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsumoto H, Larson EL, Warren SI et al (2022) A clinical risk model for surgical site infection following pediatric spine deformity surgery. J Bone Jt Surg Am 104(4):364\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.21.00751","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","volume":"27","author":"QL Xue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xue QL (2011) The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med 27(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"889_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.003","volume":"26","author":"BJ Buta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buta BJ, Walston JD, Godino JG et al (2016) Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res Rev 26:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.003","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J et al (2001) Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56(3):M146\u2013M156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.m146","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"889_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24","volume":"8","author":"SD Searle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K (2008) A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr 8:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.004","volume":"52","author":"HJ Schuijt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuijt HJ, Morin ML, Allen E, Weaver MJ (2021) Does the frailty index predict discharge disposition and length of stay at the hospital and rehabilitation facilities? Injury 52(6):1384\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2021.01.004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"5","key":"889_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.08.008","volume":"225","author":"A Cheung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheung A, Haas B, Ringer TJ, McFarlan A, Wong CL (2017) Canadian study of health and aging clinical frailty scale: does it predict adverse outcomes among geriatric trauma patients? J Am Coll Surg 225(5):658\u2212665e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.08.008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.FOCUS17472","volume":"43","author":"EK Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller EK, Neuman BJ, Jain A et al (2017) An assessment of frailty as a tool for risk stratification in adult spinal deformity surgery. Neurosurg Focus 43(6):E3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.10.FOCUS17472","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"18","key":"889_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1083","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003063","volume":"44","author":"M Yagi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yagi M, Michikawa T, Hosogane N et al (2019) The 5-item modified frailty index is predictive of severe adverse events in patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 44(18):E1083\u2013E1091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003063","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"11","key":"889_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13482","volume":"28","author":"C Cloyd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cloyd C, Moffett BS, Bernhardt MB, Monico EM, Patel N, Hanson D (2018) Efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing spine surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 28(11):982\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.13482","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000601","volume":"37","author":"ND Fletcher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fletcher ND, Andras LM, Lazarus DE et al (2017) Use of a novel pathway for early discharge was associated with a 48% shorter length of stay after posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 37(2):92\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000601","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211004250","volume":"12","author":"C Laverdi\u00e8re","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laverdi\u00e8re C, Georgiopoulos M, Ames CP et al (2022) Adult spinal deformity surgery and frailty: a systematic review. Glob Spine J 12(4):689\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682211004250","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"23","key":"889_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1394","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001886","volume":"41","author":"DM Leven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leven DM, Lee NJ, Kothari P et al (2016) Frailty index is a significant predictor of complications and mortality after surgery for adult spinal deformity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 41(23):E1394\u2013E1401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001886","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000017","volume":"1","author":"K Stone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stone K, Zwiggelaar R, Jones P, Mac PN (2022) A systematic review of the prediction of hospital length of stay: towards a unified framework. PLOS Digit Heal 1(4):e0000017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000017","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Heal"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.629","volume":"149","author":"RW Krell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krell RW, Girotti ME, Dimick JB (2014) Extended length of stay after surgery: complications, inefficient practice, or sick patients? JAMA Surg 149(8):815\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2014.629","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"889_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07176-0","volume":"31","author":"AL Hornung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hornung AL, Hornung CM, Mallow GM et al (2022) Artificial intelligence in spine care: current applications and future utility. Eur Spine J 31(8):2057\u20132081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-022-07176-0","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"13","key":"889_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002974","volume":"44","author":"CP Ames","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ames CP, Smith JS, Pellis\u00e9 F et al (2019) Artificial intelligence based hierarchical clustering of patient types and intervention categories in adult spinal deformity surgery: towards a new classification scheme that predicts quality and value. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 44(13):915\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002974","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1938414.207","volume":"16","author":"RS Joshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joshi RS, Haddad AF, Lau D, Ames CP (2019) Artificial intelligence for adult spinal deformity. Neurospine 16(4):686\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14245\/ns.1938414.207","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"889_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.02.023","volume":"114","author":"FA Huber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huber FA, Stutz S, Vittoria de Martini I et al (2019) Qualitative versus quantitative lumbar spinal stenosis grading by machine learning supported texture analysis-experience from the LSOS study cohort. Eur J Radiol 114:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.02.023","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"889_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30300-X","volume":"6","author":"A Meyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyer A, Zverinski D, Pfahringer B et al (2018) Machine learning for real-time prediction of complications in critical care: a retrospective study. Lancet Respir Med 6(12):905\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30300-X","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"889_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.05.017","volume":"28","author":"AK Gowd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gowd AK, Agarwalla A, Amin NH et al (2019) Construct validation of machine learning in the prediction of short-term postoperative complications following total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 28(12):e410\u2013e421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2019.05.017","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12419","volume":"6","author":"SE Awan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Awan SE, Bennamoun M, Sohel F, Sanfilippo FM, Dwivedi G (2019) Machine learning-based prediction of heart failure readmission or death: implications of choosing the right model and the right metrics. ESC Hear Fail 6(2):428\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12419","journal-title":"ESC Hear Fail"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15338","volume":"39","author":"MJ McGirt","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Sivaganesan A, Asher AL, Devin CJ (2015) Prediction model for outcome after low-back surgery: individualized likelihood of complication, hospital readmission, return to work, and 12-month improvement in functional disability. Neurosurg Focus 39(6):E13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.8.FOCUS15338","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"889_CR28","unstructured":"FACS org (2023) Hospital and facilities. https:\/\/www.facs.org\/hospital-and-facilities\/?searchTerm=&institution=NsqipHospital&page=1. Accessed 18 Apr 2024"},{"key":"889_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-018-0029-2","volume":"2","author":"MW Kattan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kattan MW, Gerds TA (2018) The index of prediction accuracy: an intuitive measure useful for evaluating risk prediction models. Diagn Progn Res 2:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41512-018-0029-2","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"889_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810443","volume":"50","author":"TA Gerds","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gerds TA, Cai T, Schumacher M (2008) The performance of risk prediction models. Biom J 50(4):457\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.200810443","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"issue":"9","key":"889_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10669","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.10669","volume":"12","author":"JS Rachoin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rachoin JS, Aplin KS, Gandhi S, Kupersmith E, Cerceo E (2020) Impact of length of stay on readmission in hospitalized patients. Cureus 12(9):e10669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.10669","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"889_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184074","author":"AS Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang AS, Veeramani A, Quinn MS, Alsoof D, Kuris EO, Daniels AH (2021) Machine learning prediction of length of stay in adult spinal deformity patients undergoing posterior spine fusion surgery. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10184074","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"889_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3911-4","volume":"473","author":"BA Basques","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basques BA, Bohl DD, Golinvaux NS, Smith BG, Grauer JN (2015) Patient factors are associated with poor short-term outcomes after posterior fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 473(1):286\u2013294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11999-014-3911-4","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"889_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.PEDS19161","author":"AA Elsamadicy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elsamadicy AA, Koo AB, Kundishora AJ et al (2019) Impact of patient and hospital-level risk factors on extended length of stay following spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.5.PEDS19161","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"889_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181624573","volume":"33","author":"VV Upasani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upasani VV, Caltoum C, Petcharaporn M et al (2008) Does obesity affect surgical outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33(3):295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181624573","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"889_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.022","volume":"15","author":"JA Gruskay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gruskay JA, Fu M, Bohl DD, Webb ML, Grauer JN (2015) Factors affecting length of stay after elective posterior lumbar spine surgery: a multivariate analysis. Spine J 15(6):1188\u20131195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.022","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"889_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218800054","volume":"9","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi K, Ando K, Kato F et al (2019) Predictors of prolonged length of stay after lumbar interbody fusion: a multicenter study. Glob Spine J 9(5):466\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568218800054","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"889_CR38","first-page":"627","volume":"4","author":"K Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajian-Tilaki K (2013) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation. Casp J Intern Med 4(2):627\u2013635","journal-title":"Casp J Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"889_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2125846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25846","volume":"4","author":"SM Siddique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siddique SM, Tipton K, Leas B et al (2021) Interventions to reduce hospital length of stay in high-risk populations: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open 4(9):e2125846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.25846","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Spine Deformity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T23:16:37Z","timestamp":1724454997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00889-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-134X","2212-1358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-134X","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-1358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MWF has no conflicts of interest to disclose. JZ has no conflicts of interest to disclose. NJL has no conflicts of interest to disclose. CCR has no conflicts of interest to disclose. MSM has no conflicts of interest to disclose. MES has no conflicts of interest to disclose. TQ has no conflicts of interest to disclose. BDR has received grants from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America and the Orthopedic Science Research Foundation. MGV has received grants from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, Orthopedic Science Research Foundation, Pediatric Spine Foundation, and Setting Scoliosis Straight Foundation and royalties from Biomet. He is a paid consultant for Stryker, Biomet, and NuVasive. MGV is on the Board of Directors of the Pediatric Spine Foundation, Pediatric Spine Study Group, and C4K. He is a former president of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America and is a Board Member, and Chair Emeritus of the International Pediatric Orthopaedic Symposium.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study did not require Columbia University Institutional Review Board review since our study used a public database. The database was created in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"This study qualifies for a waiver of consent because it is a database study. It does not require patient participation, as all data has already been collected during routine clinical care. There is no potential to adversely affect the rights or welfare of subjects since this is a database study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"No copyrighted materials or patient information is included in this manuscript submission.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission to reproduce copyrighted materials"}}]}}