{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:32:56Z","timestamp":1793158376310,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Spine Deform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large language models (LLM) have the potential to bridge knowledge gaps in patient education and enrich patient-surgeon interactions. This study evaluated three chatbots for delivering empathetic and precise adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) related information and management advice. Specifically, we assessed the accuracy, clarity, and relevance of the information provided, aiming to determine the effectiveness of LLMs in addressing common patient queries and enhancing their understanding of AIS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sourced 20 webpages for the top frequently asked questions (FAQs) about AIS and formulated 10 critical questions based on them. Three advanced LLMs\u2014ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and Google Bard\u2014were selected to answer these questions, with responses limited to 200 words. The LLMs\u2019 responses were evaluated by a blinded group of experienced deformity surgeons\u00a0(members of the European Spine Study Group) from seven European\u00a0spine centers. A pre-established 4-level rating system from excellent to unsatisfactory was used with a further rating for clarity, comprehensiveness, and empathy on the 5-point Likert scale. If not rated 'excellent', the raters were asked to report the reasons for their decision for each question. Lastly, raters were asked for their opinion towards AI in healthcare in general in six questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The responses among all LLMs were \u2018excellent\u2019 in 26% of responses, with ChatGPT-4.0 leading (39%), followed by Bard (17%). ChatGPT-4.0 was rated superior to Bard and ChatGPT 3.5 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). Discrepancies among raters were significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), questioning inter-rater reliability. No substantial differences were noted in answer distribution by question (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43). The answers on diagnosis (Q2) and causes (Q4) of AIS were top-rated. The most dissatisfaction was seen in the answers regarding definitions (Q1) and long-term results (Q7). Exhaustiveness, clarity, empathy, and length of the answers were positively rated (&gt;\u20093.0 on 5.0) and did not demonstrate any differences among LLMs. However, GPT-3.5 struggled with language suitability and empathy, while Bard\u2019s responses were overly detailed and less empathetic. Overall, raters found that 9% of answers were off-topic and 22% contained clear mistakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study offers crucial insights into the strengths and weaknesses of current LLMs in AIS patient and parent education, highlighting the promise of advancements like ChatGPT-4.o\u00a0and Gemini alongside the need for continuous improvement in empathy, contextual understanding, and language appropriateness\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T06:09:14Z","timestamp":1730700554000},"page":"361-372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Is the information provided by large language models valid in educating patients about adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? An evaluation of content, clarity, and empathy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0459-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegmund","family":"Lang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Galbusera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5231-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Boissiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann Philippe","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altug","family":"Yucekul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caglar","family":"Yilgor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sleiman","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gomez-Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jwalant","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pizones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Pellis\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Alanay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kleinst\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-0476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Loibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ESSG European Spine Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbench.2023.100105","volume":"3","author":"M Javaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Javaid M, Haleem A, Singh RP (2023) ChatGPT for healthcare services: an emerging stage for an innovative perspective. BenchCouncil Trans Benchmarks Stand Eval 3:100105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tbench.2023.100105","journal-title":"BenchCouncil Trans Benchmarks Stand Eval"},{"key":"955_CR2","unstructured":"HealthEd: How Will AI Tools Like ChatGPT change healthcare? n.d. https:\/\/www.osmosis.org\/blog\/2023\/07\/24\/how-will-ai-tools-like-chatgpt-change-healthcare. Accessed 10 Dec 2023"},{"key":"955_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762211167","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221116772","volume":"8","author":"SJ Fritsch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fritsch SJ, Blankenheim A, Wahl A, Hetfeld P, Maassen O, Deffge S et al (2022) Attitudes and perception of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a cross-sectional survey among patients. Digit Health 8:20552076221116772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076221116772","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"955_CR4","unstructured":"How ChatGPT can boost patient engagement and communication. Healthcare IT News 2023. https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/how-chatgpt-can-boost-patient-engagement-and-communication. Accessed 31 Jul 2023"},{"key":"955_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47479","volume":"25","author":"HL Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Walker HL, Ghani S, Kuemmerli C, Nebiker CA, M\u00fcller BP, Raptis DA et al (2023) Reliability of medical information provided by ChatGPT: assessment against clinical guidelines and patient information quality instrument. J Med Internet Res 25:e47479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47479","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"955_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07975-z","author":"A Stroop","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stroop A, Stroop T, ZawyAlsofy S, Nakamura M, M\u00f6llmann F, Greiner C et al (2023) Large language models: are artificial intelligence-based chatbots a reliable source of patient information for spinal surgery? Eur Spine J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-07975-z","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"955_CR7","unstructured":"EU AI Act: European Parliament and Council Reach Agreement | Perspectives & Events | Mayer Brown n.d. https:\/\/www.mayerbrown.com\/en\/perspectives-events\/publications\/2023\/12\/eu-ai-act-european-parliament-and-council-reach-agreement. Accessed 15 Dec 2023"},{"key":"955_CR8","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"A Vaswani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN et al (2017) Attention is all you need. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates Inc, p 30"},{"key":"955_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03660-0","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li W, Chen J, Chen F, Liang J, Yu H (2023) Exploring the potential of ChatGPT-4 in responding to common questions about abdominoplasty: an AI-based case study of a plastic surgery consultation. Aesth Plast Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-023-03660-0","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"955_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.880360","volume":"10","author":"Y Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang Y, Liu F, Gao D, Wang H (2022) Family functioning affected by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in China: a cross-sectional study. Front Pediatr 10:880360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.880360","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"955_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1170","volume":"10","author":"J Bettany-Saltikov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bettany-Saltikov J, Weiss H-R, Chockalingam N, Kandasamy G, Arnell T (2016) A Comparison of patient-reported outcome measures following different treatment approaches for adolescents with severe idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Asian Spine J 10:1170\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4184\/asj.2016.10.6.1170","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"955_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.02.004","volume":"52","author":"OA Al-Mohrej","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Mohrej OA, Aldakhil SS, Al-Rabiah MA, Al-Rabiah AM (2020) Surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: complications. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 52:19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.02.004","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"955_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03233-1","volume":"21","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Sun Z, He J, Xu Y, Li Z, Zou Q et al (2020) Effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions for treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a Bayesian meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 21:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03233-1","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"955_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9050597","author":"I Mitsiaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitsiaki I, Thirios A, Panagouli E, Bacopoulou F, Pasparakis D, Psaltopoulou T et al (2022) Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and mental health disorders: a narrative review of the literature. Children (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9050597","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"955_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.104","volume":"116","author":"J-N Gallant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallant J-N, Morgan CD, Stoklosa JB, Gannon SR, Shannon CN, Bonfield CM (2018) Psychosocial difficulties in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: body image, eating behaviors, and mood disorders. World Neurosurg 116:421-432.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.104","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"955_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S190565","volume":"10","author":"N Karavidas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karavidas N (2019) Bracing in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: evidence to date. Adolesc Health Med Ther 10:153\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/AHMT.S190565","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"key":"955_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijotn.2022.100921","volume":"45","author":"R Essex","year":"2022","unstructured":"Essex R, Bruce G, Dibley M, Newton P, Thompson T, Swaine I et al (2022) A systematic scoping review and textual narrative synthesis of the qualitative evidence related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs 45:100921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijotn.2022.100921","journal-title":"Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"955_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02162-y","volume":"23","author":"A Sauerbrei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sauerbrei A, Kerasidou A, Lucivero F, Hallowell N (2023) The impact of artificial intelligence on the person-centred, doctor-patient relationship: some problems and solutions. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 23:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02162-y","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"955_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00209","author":"AP Mika","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mika AP, Martin JR, Engstrom SM, Polkowski GG, Wilson JM (2023) Assessing ChatGPT Responses to Common Patient QuestionsRegarding Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.23.00209","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"140","key":"955_CR19","first-page":"55","volume":"22","author":"R Likert","year":"1932","unstructured":"Likert R (1932) A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 22(140):55\u201355","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"955_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-4-12","volume":"4","author":"R MacCulloch","year":"2009","unstructured":"MacCulloch R, Donaldson S, Nicholas D, Nyhof-Young J, Hetherington R, Lupea D et al (2009) Towards an understanding of the information and support needs of surgical adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: a qualitative analysis. Scoliosis 4:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-7161-4-12","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"955_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040563","volume":"9","author":"C de Groot","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Groot C, Heemskerk JL, Willigenburg NW, Altena MC, Kempen DHR (2022) Educating parents improves their ability to recognize adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a diagnostic accuracy study. Children (Basel) 9:563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9040563","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"955_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003641","volume":"45","author":"CYW Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan CYW, Chong JSL, Lee SY, Ch\u2019ng PY, Chung WH, Chiu CK et al (2020) Parents\u2019\/Patients\u2019 perception of the informed consent process and surgeons accountability in corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 45:1661\u20131667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003641","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"955_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shi W, Zhuang Y, Zhu Y, Iwinski HJ, Wattenbarger JM, Wang MD (2023) Retrieval-augmented large language models for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients in shared decision-making. In: Wang MD, Yoon B-J, editors. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics, BCB 2023, Houston, TX, USA, September 3\u20136, 2023, ACM. p. 14:1\u201314:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3584371.3612956","DOI":"10.1145\/3584371.3612956"},{"key":"955_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7020078","volume":"7","author":"S Wellburn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wellburn S, van Schaik P, Bettany-Saltikov J (2019) The information needs of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients and their parents in the UK: an online survey. Healthcare (Basel) 7:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare7020078","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"955_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220915718","volume":"11","author":"JJ Rasouli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasouli JJ, Shao J, Neifert S, Gibbs WN, Habboub G, Steinmetz MP et al (2021) Artificial intelligence and robotics in spine surgery. Glob Spine J 11:556\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568220915718","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"955_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1044","volume":"2","author":"F Galbusera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galbusera F, Casaroli G, Bassani T (2019) Artificial intelligence and machine learning in spine research. JOR Spine 2:e1044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsp2.1044","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"955_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2023.150753","volume":"37","author":"LD Stephens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stephens LD, Jacobs JW, Adkins BD, Booth GS (2023) Battle of the (Chat)Bots: comparing large language models to practice guidelines for transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease prevention. Transfus Med Rev 37:150753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmrv.2023.150753","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"955_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166120","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1166120","volume":"11","author":"L De Angelis","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Angelis L, Baglivo F, Arzilli G, Privitera GP, Ferragina P, Tozzi AE et al (2023) ChatGPT and the rise of large language models: the new AI-driven infodemic threat in public health. Front Public Health 11:1166120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1166120","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"955_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002551","author":"R Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali R, Tang OY, Connolly ID, Fridley JS, Shin JH, Zadnik Sullivan PL et al (2023) Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and Google bard on a neurosurgery oral boards preparation question bank. Neurosurgery. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0000000000002551","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"955_CR30","unstructured":"M\u00fclder A. Large Language Models for Domain-Specific Language Generation: How to Train Your Dragon. Medium 2023. https:\/\/medium.com\/@andreasmuelder\/large-language-models-for-domain-specific-language-generation-how-to-train-your-dragon-0b5360e8ed76. Accessed 10 Jan 2024"},{"key":"955_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2306.09968","author":"G Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang G, Yang G, Du Z, Fan L, Li X (2023) ClinicalGPT: large language models finetuned with diverse medical data and comprehensive evaluation. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2306.09968","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"955_CR32","unstructured":"Vidyadharan A. Google Med-PaLM 2: a new AI model revolutionizing healthcare. Medium 2023. https:\/\/medium.com\/@anoopvidyadharan6\/google-med-palm-2-a-new-ai-model-revolutionizing-healthcare-ca1cc3cc07ba. Accessed 10 Jan 2024"}],"container-title":["Spine Deformity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T14:55:35Z","timestamp":1741618535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3"}},"subtitle":["The perspective of the European Spine Study Group"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43390-024-00955-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2212-134X","2212-1358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2212-134X","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-1358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was waived from the local ethics committee (Kanton Zurich\u00a0and University Hospital Regensburg for this kind of studies, not involving humans or animals. Data transparency is upheld in this manuscript, with all data and materials available upon request in compliance with the field standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}