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Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tolerance (TOL) and physical dependence (PD) constitute important limitations of opioid therapy. The aim of our study was to validate research tools to investigate TOL and PD and to characterize the interactions between opioid (OR) and cannabinoid (CB) receptors in these processes in the GI tract.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TOL was assessed through the comparison of morphine ability to inhibit electrically evoked smooth muscles contractility in the mouse ileum that was previously incubated with\/without morphine for 1\u00a0h. To evaluate the PD, the ileum was incubated with morphine for 10\u00a0min, then challenged with naloxone to induce withdrawal response (WR). The OR\/CB interactions were evaluated using mixed agonist (PR-38) and AM-251 (CB1 antagonist).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The inhibitory effect of morphine on ileal contractions was weaker in tissue incubated with this opioid than in tissue incubated without opioid. The opposite was noted for PR-38. In tissues exposed to morphine, but not to PR-38, naloxone induced a WR. The blockage of CB1 receptors with AM-251 before the addition of PR-38 resulted in a naloxone-induced WR.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The co-activation of OR and CB reduced development of TOL and PD to opioids in the mouse GI tract and mixed OR\/CB agonists are promising alternative to currently used opioid drugs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00291-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T05:02:57Z","timestamp":1623819777000},"page":"1147-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Critical interactions between opioid and cannabinoid receptors during tolerance and physical dependence development to opioids in the murine gastrointestinal tract: proof of concept"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Szymaszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"\u015awierczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Talar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prabhakar Reddy","family":"Polepally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan K.","family":"Zjawiony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Fichna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0418-1948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"291_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0753-x","volume":"49","author":"M Sobczak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sobczak M, Sa\u0142aga M, Storr MA, Fichna J. 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