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Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) remains a major clinical challenge, with neuroinflammation and excitatory\/inhibitory (E\/I) imbalance being implicated in its pathophysiology. This proof-of-concept case series aimed to investigate the neurochemical and neurophysiological effects of a short course of lovastatin in individuals with DRE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five participants with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover protocol involving oral administration of lovastatin (60\u00a0mg\/day) and placebo for three consecutive days. Post-intervention assessments included: (1) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the visual cortex to quantify gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA+), Glutamate (Glx), and Glutathione (GSH); (2) resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs); and (3) event-related potentials (ERPs) during a facial recognition task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to placebo, lovastatin administration was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the GABA+\/Glx ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041) and IED frequency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), alongside a statistically significant increase in GSH concentration (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039). Lovastatin also modulated visual processing ERPs, statistically significantly delaying the P100 latency (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) and reducing the absolute N170 peak amplitude (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that a short course of lovastatin can modulate key in vivo biomarkers of E\/I balance, redox state, and cortical excitability in patients with DRE. These preliminary findings provide a mechanistic rationale for further, larger studies to explore the potential of statins as a novel strategy for modifying pathological brain activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-026-00890-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:45:50Z","timestamp":1787730350000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of lovastatin on cortical excitability, E\/I balance, and antioxidant markers in a case series of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-2549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulaiman I.","family":"Abuhaiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Catarina","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0834-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1528-1167.2010.02520.X","volume":"51","author":"MP Canevini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canevini MP, De Sarro G, Galimberti CA, Gatti G, Licchetta L, Malerba A, et al. 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