{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:47:04Z","timestamp":1791614824127,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ther Innov Regul Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Digital health technologies (DHTs) can facilitate the execution of de-centralized trials that can offer opportunities to reduce the burden on participants, collect outcome data in a real-world setting, and potentially make trial populations more diverse and inclusive. However, DHTs can also be a significant source of electronic waste (e-waste). In recognition of the potential health and environmental impact from DHT use in trials, private and public institutions have recently launched initiatives to help measure and manage this e-waste. But in order to develop sound e-waste management policies, it will be necessary to first estimate the current volume of e-waste that results from the use of DHTs in trials.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A Web Ontology Language (OWL)-compliant ontology of DHTs was created using a list of 500 DHT device names derived from a mixture of public and private sources. The U.S. clinical trials registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, was then queried to identify and classify trials using any of the devices in the ontology. The ClinicalTrials.gov records from this search were then analyzed to characterize the volume and properties of trials using DHTs, as well as estimating the total volume of individual DHT units that have been provisioned (or are planned to be provisioned) for clinical research.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our ontology-driven search identified 2326 unique clinical trials with a reported \u201cactual\u201d enrollment of 200,947 participants and a \u201cplanned\u201d enrollment of an additional 4,094,748 participants. The most-used class of DHTs in our ontology was \u201cwearables,\u201d (1852 trials), largely driven by the use of smart watches and other wrist-worn sensors (estimated to involve 149,391 provisioned devices). The most-used subtype of DHTs in trials was \u201csubcutaneous\u201d devices (367 trials), driven by the prevalent use and testing of glucose monitors (estimated to involve 17,666 provisioned devices).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thousands of trials, involving hundreds of thousands of devices, have already been completed, and many more trials (potentially involving millions more devices) are planned. Despite the great opportunities that are afforded by DHTs to the clinical trial enterprise, if the industry lacks the ability to track DHT use with sufficient resolution, the result is likely to be a great deal of e-waste. A new ontology of DHTs, combined with rigorous data science methods like those described in this paper, can be used to provide better information across the industry, and in turn, help create a more sustainable and equitable clinical trials enterprise.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-023-00560-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]],"date-time":"2023-08-06T21:01:58Z","timestamp":1691355718000},"page":"1269-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Digital Health Technologies in Clinical Trials: An Ontology-Driven Analysis to Inform Digital Sustainability Policies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer Phillips","family":"Hey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dellapina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Hartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"LaRoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"560_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0302-y","volume":"3","author":"OT Inan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inan OT, Tenaerts P, Prindiville SA, et al. 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