{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:18:12Z","timestamp":1788013092268,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ther Innov Regul Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:36:54Z","timestamp":1781789814000},"page":"1468-1476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and Regulatory Insights on Illicit Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Imports: Evidence from Malaysia\u2019s Operation Pangea 2020\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Shing Chyi","family":"Loo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvina Li Wen","family":"Kueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyia Farhana","family":"Muhadzir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"990_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1002\/jps","volume":"100","author":"TIMK Mackey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mackey TIMK, Liang BA, The global counterfeit drug trade. Patient Saf Public Health Risks. 2011;100(11):4571\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jps.","journal-title":"Patient Saf Public Health Risks"},{"issue":"6","key":"990_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpp.12673","volume":"28","author":"SC Ong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ong SC, Vasan Thakumar A, Ooi GS, Shafie AA, Ahmad Hassali MA. Perspectives of the public on the consumption of unregistered health products in Malaysia. Int J Pharm Pract. 2020;28(6):579\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijpp.12673.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20523211.2025.2523939","volume":"18","author":"LP Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim LP, Bin Abdul Aziz MF. The issues and challenges of addressing the importation of unregistered pharmaceutical products in Malaysia. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2025;18(1):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20523211.2025.2523939.","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"990_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shakeel S. Pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical marketing and advertising in Malaysia: an overview of current governing laws and regulations. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2020;26(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26717\/BJSTR.2020.26.004357.","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2020.26.004357"},{"issue":"5","key":"990_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40290-016-0156-4","volume":"30","author":"R Fadlallah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fadlallah R, El-jardali F, Annan F, Azzam H. Strategies and systems-level interventions to combat or prevent drug counterfeiting: a systematic review of evidence beyond effectiveness. Pharmaceut Med. 2020;30(5):263\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40290-016-0156-4.","journal-title":"Pharmaceut Med"},{"issue":"05 4","key":"990_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6724","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6724","volume":"345","author":"J Wise","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wise J. Global operation tackles internet trade in fake drugs. BMJ. 2012;345(05 4):e6724\u20136724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e6724.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"990_CR7","unstructured":"Mydin H, Stevens P. Fake Medicines in Asia.; 2013. http:\/\/ideas.org.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/EMHN-Fake-Medicine-Asia-Feb-20131.pdf"},{"key":"990_CR8","unstructured":"Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations. 1984. In: Malaysian Laws on Poisons and Sale of Drugs. International Law Book Service; 2014:219."},{"key":"990_CR9","unstructured":"Legal Research Board, ed. Poison Act 1952 (ACT366). International Law Book Services; 2023."},{"key":"990_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed J, Modica de Mohac L, Mackey TK, Raimi-Abraham BT. A critical review on the availability of substandard and falsified medicines online: Incidence, challenges and perspectives. J Med Access. 2022;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23992026221074548.","DOI":"10.1177\/23992026221074548"},{"issue":"7","key":"990_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2310507","volume":"59","author":"MR Haupt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haupt MR, Cuomo R, Cui M, Mackey TK. Is this safe? Examining safety assessments of illicit drug purchasing on social media using conjoint analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2024;59(7):999\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2024.2310507.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"990_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD\/EUIPO. Misuse of Small parcels for trade in counterfeit goods: facts and trends. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264307858-en","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264307858-en"},{"key":"990_CR13","unstructured":"Ekwall D. The risk for detection affects, the logistics system setup for cargo smugglers. Published online. 2009;175\u201390. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-risk-for-detection-affects-the-logistics-system-Ekwall\/621702b127b7e0b8fa72014d2db720e8e29bc071#citing-papers"},{"key":"990_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaccard N, Rogers TW, Morton EJ, Griffin LD. Detection of concealed cars in complex cargo X-ray imagery using deep learning. 2017;25:323\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/XST-16199","DOI":"10.3233\/XST-16199"},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/13600800500283791","volume":"28","author":"M Devlin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Devlin M. Policy, preparation, and prevention: Proactive minimization of student plagiarism. J High Educ Policy Manag. 2006;28(1):45\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13600800500283791.","journal-title":"J High Educ Policy Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"990_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895811401975","volume":"11","author":"P Ugwudike","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ugwudike P. Mapping the interface between contemporary risk-focused policy and frontline enforcement practice. Criminol Crim Justice. 2011;11(3):242\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1748895811401975.","journal-title":"Criminol Crim Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13716","volume":"43","author":"A Fuller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fuller A, Vasek M, Mariconti E, Johnson SD. Understanding and preventing the advertisement and sale of illicit drugs to young people through social media: a multidisciplinary scoping review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2024;43(1):56\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13716.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"990_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00601-z","volume":"19","author":"D Otiashvili","year":"2022","unstructured":"Otiashvili D, Mgebrishvili T, Beselia A, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on illicit drug supply, drug-related behaviour of people who use drugs and provision of drug related services in Georgia: results of a mixed methods prospective cohort study. Harm Reduct J. 2022;19(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-022-00601-z.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"4","key":"990_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-022-09698-1","volume":"47","author":"J Hawdon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hawdon J, Parti K, Dearden T. Changes in online illegal drug buying during COVID-19: assessing effects due to a changing market or changes in strain using a longitudinal sample design. Am J Crim Justice. 2022;47(4):712\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-022-09698-1.","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"990_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2270","volume":"361","author":"J Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin J, Cunliffe J, D\u00e9cary-H\u00e9tu D, Aldridge J. Effect of restricting the legal supply of prescription opioids on buying through online illicit marketplaces: interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2018;361:10\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k2270.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"February","key":"990_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1356059","volume":"15","author":"YB Limbu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Limbu YB, Huhmann BA. What influences consumers\u2019 online medication purchase intentions and behavior? A scoping review. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15(February):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1356059.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"990_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han L, Han X. The influence of price value on purchase intention among patients with chronic diseases in medical e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Front Public Heal. 2023;11(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1081196.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1081196"},{"issue":"7","key":"990_CR23","first-page":"81","volume":"8","author":"NW Zulkifli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zulkifli NW, Aziz NA, Hassan Y, Hassali MA, Bahrin NLZ. Do current awareness and educational program towards unregistered drugs effective for public? Pharmacists\u2019 perceptive. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;8(7):81\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T13:47:18Z","timestamp":1788011238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43441-026-00990-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-4790","2168-4804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-4790","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-4804","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author(s) declare that there are no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This prospective interventional study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Malaysian Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Data were restricted to the investigators and used solely for research purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study involved the retrospective analysis of operational enforcement data (Operation Pangea reports) and did not involve human subjects. Therefore, Informed Consent was not required. Data collected were restricted to official records and used solely for research purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as this study involved the analysis of pre-existing, anonymized enforcement records and did not include human participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Subject Withdrawal Criteria","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable to the ethical conduct of the study, as no human participants were involved. The project\u2019s continuity was only subject to logistical challenges, availability of enforcement data, funding issues, or regulatory directives from the Ministry of Health Malaysia concerning data use.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Criteria for Suspending or Terminating the Study","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants\u2019 names were stored in a password-protected database linked only to study IDs. All electronic data were securely stored and transferred to CDs after completion, retained for three years, and subsequently destroyed. Participants were informed of their correct and incorrect responses but not their time-related results.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Privacy and Confidentiality","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}