{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:45:48Z","timestamp":1791780348969,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JOIO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T16:12:19Z","timestamp":1783267939000},"page":"2749-2759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of Non-union in Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures: A Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5120-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kongoor Nishantha","family":"Bhat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1725-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishanth Krishna","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh","family":"Holagundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nachiketan Kempaiah","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7801-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaikunt Gopakumaran","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32281-1","volume":"18","author":"PG Trafton","year":"1987","unstructured":"Trafton, P. G. (1987). Subtrochanteric\u2014intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Orthopedic Clinics of North America [Internet], 18(1), 59\u201371.","journal-title":"Orthopedic Clinics of North America [Internet]"},{"key":"1882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2019.01.021","volume":"63","author":"H Xie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xie, H., Xie, L., Wang, J., Chen, C., Zhang, C., & Zheng, W. (2019). Intramedullary versus extramedullary fixation for the treatment of subtrochanteric fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Surgery [Internet], 63, 43\u201357.","journal-title":"International Journal of Surgery [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR3","first-page":"591","volume":"32","author":"SH Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, S. H., Kong, G. M., Ha, B. H., Park, J. H., & Kim, K. H. (2016). Nonunion of subtrochanteric fractures: Comminution or malreduction. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science [Internet], 32(3), 591\u2013594.","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Science [Internet]"},{"key":"1882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.11.038","volume":"49","author":"P De Biase","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Biase, P., Biancalani, E., Martinelli, D., Cambiganu, A., Bianco, S., & Buzzi, R. (2018). Subtrochanteric fractures: Two case reports of non-union treatment. Injury [Internet], 49, S9\u2013S15.","journal-title":"Injury [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR5","first-page":"35","volume":"60","author":"NJ Craig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Craig, N. J., Sivaji, C., & Maffulli, N. (2001). Subtrochanteric fractures. A review of treatment options. Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases., 60(1), 35\u201346.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases."},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900701500306","volume":"15","author":"D Rahme","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rahme, D., & Harris, I. (2007). Intramedullary nailing versus fixed angle blade plating for subtrochanteric femoral fractures: A prospective randomised controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong Kong) [Internet], 15(3), 278\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/230949900701500306","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong Kong) [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"1882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.6.200048","volume":"6","author":"I Garrison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garrison, I., Domingue, G., & Honeycutt, M. W. (2021). Subtrochanteric femur fractures: Current review of management. EFORT Open Reviews [Internet]., 6(2), 145\u2013151.","journal-title":"EFORT Open Reviews [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"1882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2004.05.006","volume":"35","author":"A Bedi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bedi, A., & Toan, L. T. (2004). Subtrochanteric femur fractures. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 35(4), 473\u2013483.","journal-title":"Orthopedic Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"9","key":"1882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-2023-7","volume":"134","author":"JW Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, J. W., Park, K. C., Oh, J. K., Oh, C. W., Yoon, Y. C., & Chang, H. W. (2014). Percutaneous cerclage wiring followed by intramedullary nailing for subtrochanteric femoral fractures: A technical note with clinical results. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, 134(9), 1227\u20131235.","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"1882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.10.016","volume":"44","author":"T Apivatthakakul","year":"2013","unstructured":"Apivatthakakul, T., Phaliphot, J., & Leuvitoonvechkit, S. (2013). Percutaneous cerclage wiring, does it disrupt femoral blood supply? A cadaveric injection study. Injury, 44(2), 168\u2013174.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0385-9","volume":"99","author":"P Persiani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Persiani, P., Noia, G., de Cristo, C., Graci, J., Gurz\u00ec, M. D., & Villani, C. (2015). A study of 44 patients with subtrochanteric fractures treated using long nail and cerclage cables. Musculoskeletal Surgery, 99(3), 225\u2013230.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"1882_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200605000-00004","volume":"20","author":"P Tang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tang, P., Gates, C., Hawes, J., Vogt, M., & Prayson, M. J. (2006). Does open reduction increase the chance of infection during intramedullary nailing of closed tibial shaft fractures? Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 20(5), 317\u2013322.","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"1882_CR13","first-page":"556","volume":"86","author":"MHA Malik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malik, M. H. A., Harwood, P., Diggle, P., & Khan, S. A. (2004). Factors affecting rates of infection and nonunion in intramedullary nailing. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume, 86(4), 556\u2013560.","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume"},{"issue":"2","key":"1882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.09.017","volume":"37","author":"JS de Vries","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Vries, J. S., Kloen, P., Borens, O., Marti, R. K., & Helfet, D. L. (2006). Treatment of subtrochanteric nonunions. Injury [Internet], 37(2), 203\u2013211.","journal-title":"Injury [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"1882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-010-1204-4","volume":"35","author":"T M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, T., Topp, T., K\u00fchne, C. A., Gebhart, G., Ruchholtz, S., & Zettl, R. (2011). The benefit of wire cerclage stabilisation of the medial hinge in intramedullary nailing for the treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures: A biomechanical study. International Orthopaedics, 35(8), 1237\u20131243.","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2775-x","volume":"20","author":"V Freigang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freigang, V., Gschrei, F., Bhayana, H., Schmitz, P., Weber, J., Kerschbaum, M., Nerlich, M., & Baumann, F. (2019). Risk factor analysis for delayed union after subtrochanteric femur fracture: Quality of reduction and valgization are the key to success. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [Internet], 20(1), 391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-019-2775-x","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [Internet]"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(98)95003-3","volume":"29","author":"KA Siebenrock","year":"1998","unstructured":"Siebenrock, K. A., M\u00fcller, U., & Ganz, R. (1998). Indirect reduction with a condylar blade plate for osteosynthesis of subtrochanteric femoral fractures. Injury, 29(Suppl 3), C7-15.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"1882_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(03)00287-0","volume":"35","author":"IB Schipper","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schipper, I. B., Marti, R. K., & van der Werken, C. (2004). Unstable trochanteric femoral fractures: Extramedullary or intramedullary fixation. Review of literature. Injury, 35(2), 142\u2013151.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"1882_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hmedic.2024.100131","volume":"8","author":"A Maestas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maestas, A., Charkhchi, P., & Malek, F. (2024). Total hip arthroplasty as a single procedure for subtrochanteric femur fracture with concurrent hip osteoarthritis: A case report. Medical Reports [Internet], 8, 100131.","journal-title":"Medical Reports [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"1882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951040-00012","volume":"51","author":"WH Harris","year":"1969","unstructured":"Harris, W. H. (1969). Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: Treatment by mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 51(4), 737\u2013755.","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s00104-020-01221-8","volume":"92","author":"CM M\u00fcller-Mai","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Mai, C. M., Deitert, D., H\u00f6rter, S., Schulze Raestrup, U. S., Zwillich, C., & Smektala, R. (2021). Subtrochanteric femur fractures-epidemiology, surgical procedures, influence of time to surgery and comorbidities on complications: A risk-adjusted regression analysis of routine data from 2124 cases. Chirurg, 92(3), 248\u2013263.","journal-title":"Chirurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1882_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2020\/039","volume":"87","author":"T Pavelka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pavelka, T., & Sal\u00c1\u0160ek, M. (2020). Treatment of subtrochanteric fractures, our experience, complications. Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca, 87(4), 259\u2013267.","journal-title":"Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca"},{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2276-3","volume":"19","author":"L Mattisson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mattisson, L., Bojan, A., & Enocson, A. (2018). Epidemiology, treatment and mortality of trochanteric and subtrochanteric hip fractures: Data from the Swedish fracture register. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19(1), 369.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"1882_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004571","volume":"130","author":"S Aronson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aronson, S., Murray, S., Martin, G., Blitz, J., Crittenden, T., Lipkin, M. E., Mantyh, C. R., Lagoo-Deenadayalan, S. A., Flanagan, E. M., Attarian, D. E., Mathew, J. P., Kirk, A. D., Perioperative Enhancement Team (POET). (2020). Roadmap for transforming preoperative assessment to preoperative optimization. Anesthesia amd Analgesia., 130(4), 811\u2013819.","journal-title":"Anesthesia amd Analgesia."},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-013-0372-7","volume":"18","author":"H Jansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jansen, H., Doht, S., Frey, S. P., & Meffert, R. H. (2013). Subtrochanteric femoral fractures: Influence of patient age on fracture type and mobility. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 18(3), 451\u2013455.","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"1882_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-019-03131-9","volume":"139","author":"D Krappinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krappinger, D., Wolf, B., Dammerer, D., Thaler, M., Schwendinger, P., & Lindtner, R. A. (2019). Risk factors for nonunion after intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric femoral fractures. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery [Internet], 139(6), 769\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-019-03131-9","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"1882_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01834-6","volume":"48","author":"M Panteli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panteli, M., Vun, J. S. H., West, R. M., Howard, A. J., Pountos, I., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2022). Management of subtrochanteric femur fractures: Is open reduction associated with poor outcomes? European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery [Internet], 48(3), 1759\u20131768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-021-01834-6","journal-title":"European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery [Internet]"},{"key":"1882_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08999-w","volume":"26","author":"A Oun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oun, A., Abdelaziz, O., Elhois, I. S., Al-Badaineh, M., Zinhom, K., Jabrieh, G., Al-Himyari, H. S., & Nada, A. A. (2025). Intramedullary nailing with and without cerclage in subtrochanteric fractures: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [Internet], 26, 798.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"1882_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/jmsr.jmsr_6_20","volume":"4","author":"J Ashraf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashraf, J., Kumar, A., Khan, R., & Mittal, S. (2020). Management of subtrochanteric fractures of femur: A narrative review. J Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research [Internet], 4(2), 72.","journal-title":"J Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research [Internet]"},{"issue":"7","key":"1882_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57070659","volume":"57","author":"T Knauf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knauf, T., Eschbach, D., Buecking, B., Knobe, M., Barthel, J., Rascher, K., Ruchholtz, S., Aigner, R., Schoeneberg, C., on behalf of the Registry for German Trauma DGU. (2021). Open reduction in subtrochanteric femur fractures is not accompanied by a higher rate of complications. Medicina [Internet], 57(7), 659.","journal-title":"Medicina [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"1882_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-022-00645-8","volume":"23","author":"M Panteli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panteli, M., Vun, J. S. H., West, R. M., Howard, A., Pountos, I., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2022). Subtrochanteric femoral fractures and intramedullary nailing complications: A comparison of two implants. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology [Internet], 23(1), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10195-022-00645-8","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"1882_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-018-01071-4","volume":"46","author":"P Karayiannis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karayiannis, P., & James, A. (2020). The impact of cerclage cabling on unstable intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric femoral fractures: A retrospective review of 465 patients. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery [Internet], 46(5), 969\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-018-01071-4","journal-title":"European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"1882_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.09.001","volume":"48","author":"M Panteli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Panteli, M., Mauffrey, C., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2017). Subtrochanteric fractures: Issues and challenges. Injury [Internet], 48(10), 2023\u20132026.","journal-title":"Injury [Internet]"},{"issue":"23","key":"1882_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5632","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235632","volume":"10","author":"M Panteli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panteli, M., Vun, J. S. H., West, R. M., Howard, A. J., Pountos, I., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2021). Development and validation of a post-operative non-union risk score for subtrochanteric femur fractures. Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet], 10(23), 5632.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:04:25Z","timestamp":1791777865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43465-026-01882-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5413","1998-3727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5413","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3727","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that this study was carried out in research involving human subjects that complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent revisions, as well as the institutional research committee's ethical guidelines. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval No.: SGITO\/Academic\/EC\/05\/2020-21, Date: 17\/12\/2020).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical consideration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The authors confirm that patient confidentiality has been maintained and that identifying information has not been disclosed in any form. No animals were involved in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}