{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:50:58Z","timestamp":1782586258440,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kristiania University College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Circ.Econ.Sust."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following the invasion of Ukraine, there is a call to replace Russian gas and oil with green electric energy. A prime sector subject to electrification is the transportation sector. Consequently, access to the critical minerals for electrification has become an important strategic issue in the electric vehicle industry. Our analysis indicates that the markets for scarce and critical minerals, like cobalt, graphite, lithium, and rare earth elements, are in a highly concentrated number of countries. China, a strategic partner of Russia, has a dominant power position in both graphite and rare earth elements and is a dominant player in the processing of copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements. Furthermore, at least 70% of cobalt, graphite, and rare earth element resources are in corrupt or very corrupt states. Transportation sector electrification might therefore increase Europe\u2019s and the USA\u2019s resource dependency on totalitarian, corrupt, and unstable countries. The surging resource dependency on China, Russia\u2019s most important strategic partner, intensifies the geopolitical risk to the green transition. We suggest strategies like vertical control of supply chains, specific technology and infrastructure investments, innovation of other green energy sources, and exploration of critical minerals in other countries. Substitution and closed-loop technology also reduce resource dependency and geopolitical risk. However, closed-loop recycling cannot compensate for the short-run growth in the electric vehicle markets. Thus, the circular economy will reduce but not eliminate geopolitical risk. Countries, supply chains, and companies should examine the geopolitical risk and strategic uncertainty associated with different green energy sources and technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]],"date-time":"2022-07-02T03:28:15Z","timestamp":1656732495000},"page":"1099-1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The Geopolitical Risk and Strategic Uncertainty of Green Growth after the Ukraine Invasion: How the Circular Economy Can Decrease the Market Power of and Resource Dependency on Critical Minerals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"Nygaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR1","first-page":"89","volume":"88","author":"C Stelzenmuller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stelzenmuller C (2009) Germany\u2019s Russia question\u2014a new Ostpolitik for Europe. Foreign Aff, Mar\/Apr 88(2):89\u2013100","journal-title":"Foreign Aff, Mar\/Apr"},{"key":"181_CR2","unstructured":"Phalnikar S, Welle D (2005) Kritik an Schr\u00f6ders Prinzip des \u201cWandel durch Handel,\u201d May 4. https:\/\/www.dw.com\/de\/kritik-an-schr%C3%B6ders-prinzip-des-wandel-durch-handel\/a-1572911-0"},{"key":"181_CR3","volume-title":"Markets and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications","author":"OE Williamson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Williamson OE (1975) Markets and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications. The Free Press, New York"},{"key":"181_CR4","unstructured":"Johnson K, Gramer R (2020) U.S. falters in bid to replace Chinese rare earths. Foreign Policy, May 25. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/05\/25\/china-trump-trade-supply-chain-rare-earth-minerals-mining-pandemic-tensions\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.317","volume":"24","author":"SD Dobrev","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dobrev SD, Carroll GR (2003) Size (and competition) among organizations: modeling scale-based selection among automobile producers in four major countries, 1885\u20131981. Strateg Manag J 24(6):541\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.317","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"key":"181_CR6","unstructured":"The Economist (2021) Governments have identified commodities essential to economic and military security. Obtaining them is another matter. Finance & Economics,\u00a0Mar 31st 2021 (Updated Apr 6th 2021), New York. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance-and-economics\/2021\/03\/31\/governments-have-identified-commodities-essential-to-economic-and-military-security"},{"key":"181_CR7","unstructured":"IEA (2021) The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. Flagship report \u2014 May 2021. IEA, Paris. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions"},{"key":"181_CR8","volume-title":"The economic institutions of capitalism","author":"OE Williamson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Williamson OE (1985) The economic institutions of capitalism. The Free Press, New York"},{"key":"181_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"North DC (1990) Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511808678","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808678"},{"key":"181_CR10","volume-title":"The seven sisters: the great oil companies and the world they shaped","author":"A Sampson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sampson A (1975) The seven sisters: the great oil companies and the world they shaped. 1 October. Coronet Books, London"},{"key":"181_CR11","unstructured":"Painter DS (2014) Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the cold war. Hist Soc Rec 39(4): 186\u2013208. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24145533"},{"key":"181_CR12","unstructured":"IEA (2021) Minerals used in electric cars compared to conventional cars. May 4. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/charts\/minerals-used-in-electric-cars-compared-to-conventional-cars"},{"key":"181_CR13","unstructured":"Kelly A (2019) Apple and Google named in US lawsuit over Congolese child cobalt mining deaths. The Guardian, Dec. 16. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2019\/dec\/16\/apple-and-google-named-in-us-lawsuit-over-congolese-child-cobalt-mining-deaths"},{"key":"181_CR14","unstructured":"Kara S (2018) Is your phone tainted by the misery of the 35,000 children in Congo\u2019s mines? The Guardian, Nov. 6. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2018\/oct\/12\/phone-misery-children-congo-cobalt-mines-drc"},{"key":"181_CR15","unstructured":"Reuters (2019) U.S. dependence on China\u2019s rare earth: trade war vulnerability. In: Webb S, Shumaker L, Oatis J (eds). Reuters Business News, June 28"},{"key":"181_CR16","unstructured":"Burkart K (2012) How do you define the \u201cgreen\u201d economy? http:\/\/www.mnn.com\/green-tech\/research-innovations\/blogs\/how-do-you-define-the-green-economy"},{"key":"181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1349\/ddlp.1","volume-title":"The limits to growth; a report for the Club of Rome\u2019s project on the predicament of mankind","author":"DH Meadows","year":"1972","unstructured":"Meadows DH, Meadows DL, Randers J, Behrens WW III (1972) The limits to growth; a report for the Club of Rome\u2019s project on the predicament of mankind. Universe Books, New York"},{"key":"181_CR18","unstructured":"Arrobas DL, Hund KL, McCormick MS, Ningthoujam J, Drexhage JR (2017) The growing role of minerals and metals for a low carbon future. World Bank, Washington, D.C. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/28312"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051937","volume":"12","author":"MK Anser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anser MK, Yousaf Z, Awan U, Nassani AA, Qazi Abro MM, Zaman K (2020) Identifying the carbon emissions damage to international tourism: turn a blind eye. Sustainability 12(5):1937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12051937","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"181_CR20","unstructured":"Levin Sources (2017) Hybrid electric, plug-in hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles. Green Economy Series, August 25. https:\/\/www.levinsources.com\/assets\/pages\/Green-Economy-Series-Electric-Vehicles-CC-Aug29.pdf"},{"key":"181_CR21","unstructured":"Bloomberg NEF (2019) Electric vehicle outlook 2019\u2014BNEF\u2019s annual forecast of electric vehicles. Shared Mobility and Road Transport to 2040. Report 15. mai"},{"key":"181_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2979","author":"SAR Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan SAR, Yu Z, Umar M, Tanveer Green M (2022) Capabilities and green purchasing practices: a strategy striving towards sustainable operations. 22 January, Bus Strateg Environ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2979","journal-title":"Bus Strateg Environ"},{"key":"181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.063","volume":"162","author":"A Cimprich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cimprich A, Young SB, Helbig C, Gemechu ED, Thorenz A, Tuma A, Sonnemann G (2017) Extension of geopolitical supply risk methodology: characterization model applied to conventional and electric vehicles. J Clean Prod 162:754\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.063","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-015-0917-4","volume":"22","author":"ED Gemechu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gemechu ED, Sonnemann G, Young SB (2017) Geopolitical-related supply risk assessment as a complement to environmental impact assessment: the case of electric vehicles. Int J Life Cycle Ass 22(1):31\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11367-015-0917-4","journal-title":"Int J Life Cycle Ass"},{"key":"181_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ballinger B, Stringer M, Schmeda-Lopez DR, Kefford B, Parkinson B, Greig C, Smart S (2019) The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply. Appl Energ 255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113844"},{"key":"181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-00607-0","volume":"4","author":"J Baars","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baars J, Domenech T, Bleischwitz R, Melin HE, Heidrich O (2021) Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials. Nat Sustain 4:71\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-020-00607-0","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2017.12.002","volume":"5","author":"MD Bazilian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazilian MD (2018) The mineral foundation of the energy transition. Extr Ind Soc 5(1):93\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exis.2017.12.002","journal-title":"Extr Ind Soc"},{"key":"181_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.02.057","volume":"240","author":"E Hache","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hache E, Seck GS, Simoen M, Bonnet C, Carcanague S (2019) Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: a detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport. Appl Energ 240:6\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.02.057","journal-title":"Appl Energ"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3926\/jiem.2558","volume":"11","author":"U Awan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Awan U, Kraslawski A, Huiskonen J (2018) The impact of relational governance on performance improvement in export manufacturing firms. J Ind Eng Manag 11(3):349\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3926\/jiem.2558","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Manag"},{"key":"181_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williamson OE (1991) Comparative economic organization: the analysis of discrete structural alternatives. Admin Sci Quart 269\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2393356","DOI":"10.2307\/2393356"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"181_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.05.003","volume":"34","author":"E Fisher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fisher E, Mwaipopo R, Mutagwaba W, Nyange D, Yaron G (2009) The ladder that sends us to wealth: artisanal mining and poverty reduction in Tanzania. Resour Policy 34(1\u20132):32\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2008.05.003","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"181_CR32","volume-title":"Case study research and applications: design and methods","author":"RK Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin RK (2017) Case study research and applications: design and methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385","volume":"14","author":"KM Eisenhardt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Eisenhardt KM (1989) Building theories from case study research. Acad Manag Rev 14(4):532\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.1989.4308385","journal-title":"Acad Manag Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2307\/2393030","volume":"29","author":"G Walker","year":"1984","unstructured":"Walker G, Weber D (1984) A transaction cost approach to make-or-buy decisions. Admin Sci Quart 29(3):373\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2393030","journal-title":"Admin Sci Quart"},{"issue":"9","key":"181_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.24.9.934","volume":"24","author":"H Mintzberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mintzberg H (1978) Patterns in strategy formation. Manag Sci 24(9):934\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.24.9.934","journal-title":"Manag Sci"},{"key":"181_CR36","volume-title":"Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches","author":"WL Neuman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Neuman WL (2004) Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, 7th edn. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow","edition":"7"},{"issue":"1 Feb.","key":"181_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/2089716","volume":"27","author":"RM Emerson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Emerson RM (1962) Power-dependence relations. Am Sociol Rev 27(1 Feb.):31\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2089716","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"181_CR38","volume-title":"The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective","author":"J Pfeffer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pfeffer J, Salancik GR (2003) The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press, Stanford"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298004400306","volume":"44","author":"LW Stern","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stern LW, Reve T (1980) Distribution channels as political economies: a framework for comparative analysis. J Mark 44(3):52\u201364 (Summer). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224298004400306","journal-title":"J Mark"},{"key":"181_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/12034","volume-title":"Minerals, critical minerals, and the U.S. economy","author":"National Research Council","year":"2008","unstructured":"National Research Council (2008) Minerals, critical minerals, and the U.S. economy. The National Academies Press, Washington. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/12034"},{"key":"181_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tashman P (2017) A resource dependence perspective on natural resource scarcity. Acad Manag Ann Meet Proc 1(August). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/AMBPP.2017.11240abstract","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2017.11240abstract"},{"key":"181_CR42","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Intercorporate relations: the structural analysis of business (structural analysis in the social sciences, series number 1)","author":"J Pfeffer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pfeffer J (1987) A resource dependence perspective on intercorporate relations. In: Mizruchi MS, Schwartz M (eds) Intercorporate relations: the structural analysis of business (structural analysis in the social sciences, series number 1). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 25\u201356"},{"key":"181_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/05775132.1983.11470852","volume-title":"The anatomy of power","author":"JK Galbraith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Galbraith JK (1983) The anatomy of power. Houghton Mifflin, Boston"},{"key":"181_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Begum S, Xia E, Ali F, Awan U, Ashfaq M (2021) Achieving green product and process innovation through green leadership and creative engagement in manufacturing. J Manuf Technol Manag 33(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JMTM-01-2021-0003","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-01-2021-0003"},{"key":"181_CR45","volume-title":"The mathematics of collective action","author":"J Coleman","year":"1973","unstructured":"Coleman J (1973) The mathematics of collective action. Aldine, Chicago"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5221(92)90003-W","volume":"8","author":"A Nygaard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nygaard A, Dahlstrom R (1992) Multinational company strategy and host country policy. Scand J Manag 8(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0956-5221(92)90003-W","journal-title":"Scand J Manag"},{"key":"181_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203299272","volume-title":"Supply chains, markets, and power: managing buyer and supplier power regimes","author":"A Cox","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cox A, Ireland P, Lonsdale C, Sanderson J, Watson G (2001) Supply chains, markets, and power: managing buyer and supplier power regimes. Routledge, Oxfordshire"},{"key":"181_CR48","volume-title":"Marketing channels","author":"A Coughlan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coughlan A, Anderson E, Stern LW, El-Ansary A (2013) Marketing channels. Pearson, New York City"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.70.4.136","volume":"70","author":"RW Palmatier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Palmatier RW, Dant RP, Grewal D, Evans KR (2006) Factors influencing the effectiveness of relationship marketing: a meta-analysis. J Mark 70(4):136\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmkg.70.4.136","journal-title":"J Mark"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299105500105","volume":"55","author":"GL Frazier","year":"1991","unstructured":"Frazier GL, Rody RC (1991) The use of influence strategies in interfirm relationships in industrial product channels. J Mark 55(1):52\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224299105500105","journal-title":"J Mark"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01191.x","volume":"49","author":"BH Raven","year":"1993","unstructured":"Raven BH (1993) The bases of power: origins and recent developments. J Soc Issues\u00a0(Winter) 49(4):227\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01191.x","journal-title":"J Soc Issues\u00a0(Winter)"},{"key":"181_CR52","unstructured":"Azevedo M, Campagnol N, Hagenbruch T, Hoffman K, Lala A, Ramsbot O (2018) Lithium and cobalt\u2014a tale of two commodities. Metals and Mining Report. https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/metals-and-mining\/our-insights\/lithium-and-cobalt-a-tale-of-two-commodities"},{"key":"181_CR53","volume-title":"American capitalism: the concept of countervailing power (Vol. 619)","author":"JK Galbraith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Galbraith JK (1993) American capitalism: the concept of countervailing power (Vol. 619). Transaction Publishers, New Jersey"},{"key":"181_CR54","unstructured":"EuChemS (2019) Chemical elements which make up mobile phones placed on \u201cendangered list.\u201d Press release, 22 January 2019. Brussels"},{"key":"181_CR55","volume-title":"Green conflict minerals: the fuels of conflict in the transition to a low-carbon economy","author":"C Church","year":"2018","unstructured":"Church C, Crawford A (2018) Green conflict minerals: the fuels of conflict in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Report August 13, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Winnipeg, Manitoba"},{"key":"181_CR56","unstructured":"Bobba S, Carrara S, Huisman J, Mathieux F, Pavel C (2020) Critical raw materials for strategic technologies and sectors in the EU\u2014a foresight study. European Commission. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/42881"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0036850419884873","volume":"102","author":"CJ Rhodes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rhodes CJ (2019) Endangered elements, critical raw materials and conflict minerals. Sci Prog 102(4):304\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0036850419884873","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"key":"181_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121550","volume":"263","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lee CC (2020) Does technological innovation reduce CO2 emissions? Cross-country evidence. J Clean Prod 263:121550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121550","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"181_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787145672","volume-title":"Strategy and geopolitics: understanding global complexity in a turbulent world","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosenberg M (2017) Strategy and geopolitics: understanding global complexity in a turbulent world. Emerald Publishing, Bingley"},{"key":"181_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Overland I (2015) Future petroleum geopolitics: consequences of climate policy and unconventional oil and gas. Handbook of Clean Energy Systems 3517\u20133544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118991978.hces203","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118991978.hces203"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5465\/256208","volume":"28","author":"KR Harrigan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Harrigan KR (1985) Vertical integration and corporate strategy. Acad Manag J 28(2):397\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/256208","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"key":"181_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.03.015","volume":"62","author":"AL Gulley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gulley AL, McCullough EA, Shedd KB (2019) China\u2019s domestic and foreign influence in the global cobalt supply chain. Resour Policy 62:317\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.03.015","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"181_CR63","unstructured":"Sanderson H (2020) Tesla to buy cobalt from Glencore for new car plants. Financial Times, June 16. https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/aa09dbcb-37ed-4010-a0ee-ab6cfab4d4b5"},{"key":"181_CR64","unstructured":"Tesla Conflict Minerals Report (2018) Form SD: specialized disclosure report. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC.gov). https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1318605\/000156459018014530\/tsla-sd.htm"},{"key":"181_CR65","unstructured":"Jolly J (2020) Cutting battery industry\u2019s reliance on cobalt will be an uphill task. The Guardian, January 5. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/jan\/05\/cutting-cobalt-challenge-battery-industry-electric-cars-congo"},{"key":"181_CR66","unstructured":"Webb S, Shumaker L, Oatis J (2019) U.S. dependence on China\u2019s rare earth: trade war vulnerability. Reuters Business News, June 28. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-trade-china-rareearth-explainer-idUSKCN1TS3AQ"},{"key":"181_CR67","unstructured":"Ford LW, Gewirtz J (2020) China\u2019s post-coronavirus aggression is reshaping Asia. Foreign Policy, June 18. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2020\/06\/18\/china-india-aggression-asia-alliances\/"},{"key":"181_CR68","unstructured":"Johnson K, Groll E (2019) China raises threat of rare-earths cutoff to U.S. Foreign Policy, May 21. https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2019\/05\/21\/china-raises-threat-of-rare-earth-mineral-cutoff-to-us\/"},{"key":"181_CR69","unstructured":"Transparency International (2017) Corruption perceptions index 2017. https:\/\/www.transparency.org\/news\/feature\/corruption_perceptions_index_2017. Accessed 21 Feb 2018"},{"key":"181_CR70","unstructured":"USGS (2019) Mineral commodity report. National Minerals Information Center. https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/nmic"},{"key":"181_CR71","unstructured":"Fund for Peace (2018) Fragile states index 2018-Annual Report. In: Messner JJ, Haken N, Taft P, Onyekwere I, Blyth H, Fiertz C, Murphy C, Quinn A, Horwitz M (eds).\u00a0http:\/\/fundforpeace.org\/fsi\/data\/"},{"key":"181_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11458","DOI":"10.5465\/AMBPP.2017.167","volume":"1","author":"CH Oh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oh CH, Shapiro D, Ho SH, Shin J (2017) Capital markets\u2019 reaction to environmental sensitivity. Acad Manag Proc 1:11458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/AMBPP.2017.167","journal-title":"Acad Manag Proc"},{"key":"181_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.101500","volume":"64","author":"AA Nassani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassani AA, Awan U, Zaman K, Hyder S, Aldakhil AM, Abro MMQ (2019) Management of natural resources and material pricing: global evidence. Resour Policy 64:101500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2019.101500","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"181_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.3153","volume":"41","author":"CH Oh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oh CH, Shapiro D, Ho SH, Shin J (2020) Location matters: valuing firm-specific non-market risk in the global mining industry. Strateg Manag J 41(7):1210\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.3153","journal-title":"Strateg Manag J"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1086026617722882","volume":"32","author":"S Schaltegger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schaltegger S, H\u00f6risch J, Freeman RE (2019) Business cases for sustainability: a stakeholder theory perspective. Organ Environ 32(3):191\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1086026617722882","journal-title":"Organ Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"181_CR76","first-page":"35","volume":"71","author":"SM Fortier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fortier SM, Hammarstrom JM, Ryker SJ, Day WC, Seal RR (2019) USGS critical minerals review. Min Eng 71(5):35\u201347","journal-title":"Min Eng"},{"key":"181_CR77","unstructured":"Wolf M (2019) The looming 100-year US\u2013China conflict. Financial Times, June 4"},{"key":"181_CR78","unstructured":"Lienert P, Shirouzu N, Taylor E (2019)\u00a0Exclusive: VW, China spearhead $300 billion global drive to electrify cars. Reuters Business News"},{"key":"181_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230274907","volume-title":"The performance economy","author":"W Stahel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stahel W (2010) The performance economy. Palgrave Macmillan, London"},{"key":"181_CR80","unstructured":"Ogg M (2020) EcoGraf makes headway with EV battery recycling trial. Australian Business News, March 9. https:\/\/www.businessnewsaustralia.com\/articles\/ecograf-makes-headway-with-ev-battery-recycling-trial.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"181_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14650040412331307812","volume":"9","author":"P Le Billon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Le Billon P (2004) The geopolitical economy of resource wars. Geopolit 9(1):1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14650040412331307812","journal-title":"Geopolit"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2731","volume":"30","author":"U Awan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Awan U, Sroufe R, Shahbaz M (2021) Industry 4.0 and the circular economy: a literature review and recommendations for future research. Bus Strateg Environ 30(4):2038\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.2731","journal-title":"Bus Strateg Environ"},{"key":"181_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bradach JL, Eccles RG (1989) Price, authority, and trust: from ideal types to plural forms. Annu Rev Sociol 15:97\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.so.15.080189.000525","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.15.080189.000525"},{"key":"181_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JEEE-09-2021-0349","author":"SAR Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan SAR, Shah ASA, Yu Z, Tanveer M (2022) A systematic literature review on circular economy practices: challenges, opportunities and future trends. J Entrep Emerg Econ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JEEE-09-2021-0349","journal-title":"J Entrep Emerg Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"181_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020859","volume":"13","author":"O Alhawari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alhawari O, Awan U, Bhutta MKS, \u00dclk\u00fc MA (2021) Insights from circular economy literature: a review of extant definitions and unravelling paths to future research. Sustainability 13(2):859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13020859","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"181_CR86","volume-title":"The management of innovation","author":"T Burns","year":"1961","unstructured":"Burns T, Stalker GM (1961) The management of innovation. Tavistock, London"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.4.3.28","volume":"4","author":"JR Galbraith","year":"1974","unstructured":"Galbraith JR (1974) Organization design: an information processing view. Interfaces 4(3):28\u201336","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"181_CR88","unstructured":"Lambert F (2019) Tesla warns of upcoming shortages of battery minerals, like nickel, copper, & lithium. Electrek, May 2"},{"issue":"3","key":"181_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.011","volume":"22","author":"M Bruckner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruckner M, Giljum S, Lutz C, Wiebe KS (2012) Materials embodied in international trade\u2014global material extraction and consumption between 1995 and 2005. Glob Environ Chang 22(3):568\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.011","journal-title":"Glob Environ Chang"},{"key":"181_CR90","unstructured":"McAleer M (2019) Uncertainty stalks global car industry as it prepares to go electric: Brexit, threatened US tariffs and slowing Chinese market among potential hazards. Irish Times, March 15. https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/business\/manufacturing\/uncertainty-stalks-global-car-industry-as-it-prepares-to-go-electric-1.3823247"},{"key":"181_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104669","volume":"155","author":"T Watari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watari T, Nansai K, Nakajima K (2020) Review of critical metal dynamics to 2050 for 48 elements. Resour Conserv Recycl 155:104669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104669","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"issue":"4","key":"181_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298304700407","volume":"47","author":"RS Achrol","year":"1983","unstructured":"Achrol RS, Reve T, Stern LW (1983) The environment of marketing channel dyads: a framework for comparative analysis. J Mark 47(4):55\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002224298304700407","journal-title":"J Mark"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"181_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2019.1695921","volume":"31","author":"NO Ndubisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ndubisi NO, Nygaard A, Chunwe NG (2020) Managing sustainability tensions in global supply chains: Specific investments in closed-loop technology vs \u201cblood metals.\u201d Prod Plan Control 31(11\u201312):1005\u20131013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09537287.2019.1695921","journal-title":"Prod Plan Control"}],"container-title":["Circular Economy and Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T14:16:55Z","timestamp":1698416215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43615-022-00181-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-597X","2730-5988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-597X","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-5988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}