{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T13:32:30Z","timestamp":1774445550844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Sustain"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T03:44:26Z","timestamp":1771213466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heavy metals in irrigation water, soil pollution of vineyards and human health risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Roya","family":"Peirovi-Minaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Zarei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Javanbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-021-00577-w","volume":"33","author":"PC Agyeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agyeman PC, John K, Kebonye NM, Bor\u016fvka L, Va\u0161\u00e1t R, Dr\u00e1bek O. N\u011bme\u010dek K human health risk exposure and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in agricultural soils in the district of Frydek Mistek, Czech republic: a sample location approach. Environ Sci Eur. 2021;33:137.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"key":"2807_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161768","volume":"871","author":"J Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi J, Zhao D, Ren F, Huang L. Spatiotemporal variation of soil heavy metals in china: the pollution status and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ. 2023;871:161768.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2807_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64192-4","volume":"14","author":"S Mansouri Moghadam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mansouri Moghadam S, Payandeh K, Koushafar A, Goosheh M. Mohammadi Rouzbahani M level of heavy metals and environmental pollution index in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Scie Rep. 2024;14:14754.","journal-title":"Scie Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01380-6","volume":"23","author":"O Nassiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nassiri O, El Hachimi ML, Ambrosi JP, Rhoujjati A. Contamination impact and human health risk in surface soils surrounding the abandoned mine of Ze\u00efda, high Moulouya, Northeastern Morocco. Environ Dev Sustain. 2021;23:17030\u201359.","journal-title":"Environ Dev Sustain"},{"key":"2807_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08716-1","volume":"192","author":"M Sadeghi Poor Sheijany","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadeghi Poor Sheijany M, Shariati F, Yaghmaeian Mahabadi N, Karimzadegan H. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk of soil adjacent to Saravan municipal solid waste disposal site, Rasht, Iran. Environ Monit Assess. 2020;192:757.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32654-x","volume":"31","author":"R Peirovi-Minaee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peirovi-Minaee R, Alami A, Esmaeili F, Zarei A. Analysis of trace elements in processed products of grapes and potential health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2024;31:24051\u201363.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssas.2018.02.003","volume":"18","author":"S Chaoua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaoua S, Boussaa S, El Gharmali A, Boumezzough A. Impact of irrigation with wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and crops in the region of Marrakech in Morocco. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2019;18:429\u201336.","journal-title":"J Saudi Soc Agric Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07600-2","volume":"27","author":"MH Sayadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sayadi MH, Kharkan J, Binkowski LJ, Moshgani M, B\u0142aszczyk M, Mansouri B. Cadmium and chromium levels in water and edible herbs in a risk assessment study of rural residents living in Eastern Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2020;27:9901\u201309.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106730","volume":"136","author":"M Taghavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taghavi M, Zarei A, Darvishiyan M, Momeni M, Zarei A. Human health risk assessment of trace metals and metalloids concentrations in saffron grown in Gonabad, Iran. J Food Compos Anal. 2024;136:106730.","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"2807_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114688","volume":"253","author":"Q Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang Q, Chang L, Wang Q, Miao C, Zhang Q, Zheng L, Zhou Z, Ji Q, Chen L, Zhang H. Distribution and accumulation of cadmium in soil under wheat-cultivation system and human health risk assessment in coal mining area of China. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 2023;253:114688.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Safe"},{"key":"2807_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14075-6","volume":"197","author":"H Yumu\u015fakba\u015f","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yumu\u015fakba\u015f H, U\u011fur Y, Mara\u015f Z, B\u00fcy\u00fcksoylu S, Erdo\u011fan S. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and essential nutrients in fruits: implications for food safety and environmental sustainability. Environ Monit Assess. 2025;197:622.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.067","volume":"125","author":"PK Rai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rai PK, Lee SS, Zhang M, Tsang YF, Kim K-H. Heavy metals in food crops: health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environ Int. 2019;125:365\u201385.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2807_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267719","volume":"17","author":"N Ullah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullah N, Ur Rehman M, Ahmad B, Ali I, Younas M, Aslam MS, Rahman A-u, Taheri E, Fatehizadeh A, Rezakazemi M. Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in agricultural soil, vegetables and associated health risks. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0267719.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2807_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02530-9","volume":"47","author":"L Proke\u0161","year":"2025","unstructured":"Proke\u0161 L, Hegrov\u00e1 J, Pr\u016f\u0161ov\u00e1 B, Baro\u0148 M, Hablovi\u010dov\u00e1 B, Sochor J. Li\u010dbinsk\u00fd R impact of traffic intensity and vehicular emissions on heavy metal content in vineyard soils, grapes, and wine: a comparative study of two vineyards in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Environ Geochem Health. 2025;47:216.","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"2807_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21629-y","volume":"12","author":"L Gan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gan L, Wang J, Xie M, Yang B. Ecological risk and health risk analysis of soil potentially toxic elements from oil production plants in central China. Sci Rep. 2022;12:17077.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11397-0","volume":"12","author":"C Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong C, Wang S, Wang D, Lu H, Dong H, Liu J, Yan B, Wang L. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal (loid) s in agricultural soil in hotbed chives hometown of Tangchang, Southwest China. Sci Rep. 2022;12:8563.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8485","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02330-6","volume":"16","author":"A Kashefighasemabadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kashefighasemabadi A, Karbassi A, Tabatabaee M, Dehabadi A. Development of soil pollution risk index in the vicinity of a waste dam in Chadormalu iron ore mine. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2019;16:8485\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2807_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4955-y","volume":"187","author":"Q Liang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liang Q, Xue Z-J, Wang F, Sun Z-M, Yang Z-X, Liu S-Q. Contamination and health risks from heavy metals in cultivated soil in Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province, China. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187:754.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17461-z","volume":"12","author":"K Vejvodov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vejvodov\u00e1 K, Ash C, Daj\u010dl J, Tejneck\u00fd V, Johanis H, Spasi\u0107 M, Pol\u00e1k F, Praus L, Bor\u016fvka L. Dr\u00e1bek O assessment of potential exposure to As, Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetable garden soils and vegetables in a mining region. Sci Rep. 2022;12:13495.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94616-4","volume":"11","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad W, Alharthy RD, Zubair M, Ahmed M, Hameed A, Rafique S. Toxic and heavy metals contamination assessment in soil and water to evaluate human health risk. Sci Rep. 2021;11:17006.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14211-2","volume":"197","author":"ZR Salih","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salih ZR, Khudhur NS, Muhammad MQ. Bioaccumulation of different heavy metals and toxicity assessment using different indices in grape plants and soil around power generators in Erbil Province. Environ Monit Assess. 2025;197:757.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14081677","volume":"14","author":"I Ochmian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ochmian I, Malinowski R. Effect of multi-year protection of grapevines with copper pesticides on the content of heavy metals in soil, leaves, and fruit. Agronomy. 2024;14:1677.","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2807_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-022-03428-8","volume":"201","author":"R Peirovi-Minaee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peirovi-Minaee R, Alami A, Moghaddam A, Zarei A. Determination of concentration of metals in grapes grown in Gonabad vineyards and assessment of associated health risks. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201:3541\u201352.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2807_CR24","first-page":"871","volume":"8","author":"N Pourang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pourang N, Noori A. Heavy metals contamination in soil, surface water and groundwater of an agricultural area adjacent to Tehran oil refinery, Iran. Int J Environ Res. 2014;8:871\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res"},{"key":"2807_CR25","unstructured":"Engwa GA, Ferdinand PU, Nwalo FN, Unachukwu MN. Heavy metal toxicity in humans. Poisoning in the modern world: new tricks for an old dog. 2019;77."},{"key":"2807_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101492","volume":"25","author":"SM Moghadam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moghadam SM, Payandeh K, Koushafar A, Goosheh M, Rouzbahani MM. Human health risk assessment and carcinogenicity due to exposure to potentially toxic elements on soil pollution in Southwest Iran. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024;25:101492.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2807_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarei A, Qasemi M, Mardaneh J, Taghavi M, Farhang M, Allahdadi M, Talebi F, Safari M, Bazrafshan M, Zarei A. Metal (Oid) s in vegetables: human health risks though vegetable consumption. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025;1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04816-6"},{"key":"2807_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-6340-5","volume":"189","author":"HD Weissmannov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weissmannov\u00e1 HD, Pavlovsk\u00fd J. Indices of soil contamination by heavy metals\u2013methodology of calculation for pollution assessment (minireview). Environ Monit Assess. 2017;189:616.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00242-5","volume":"42","author":"M Mirzaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mirzaei M, Marofi S, Solgi E, Abbasi M, Karimi R, Riyahi Bakhtyari HR. Ecological and health risks of soil and grape heavy metals in long-term fertilized vineyards (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran). Environ Geochem Health. 2020;42:27\u201343.","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"2807_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-022-10167-5","volume":"81","author":"M Turhun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turhun M, Eziz M. Identification of the distribution, contamination levels, sources, and ecological risks of heavy metals in vineyard soils in the main grape production area of China. Environ Earth Sci. 2022;81:40.","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110475","volume":"195","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang R, Li YC, Peng Y, Wen X, Ni X. Distribution, accumulation, and potential risks of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves from geologically different plantations. EcotoxicoL Environ Safet. 2020;195:110475.","journal-title":"EcotoxicoL Environ Safet"},{"key":"2807_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.12.029","volume":"175","author":"C Mao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mao C, Song Y, Chen L, Ji J, Li J, Yuan X, Yang Z, Ayoko GA, Frost RL. Theiss F human health risks of heavy metals in paddy rice based on transfer characteristics of heavy metals from soil to rice. CATENA. 2019;175:339\u201348.","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"2807_CR33","first-page":"100147","volume":"12","author":"S Prabagar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prabagar S, Dharmadasa RM, Lintha A, Thuraisingam S, Prabagar J. Accumulation of heavy metals in grape fruit, leaves, soil and water: A study of influential factors and evaluating ecological risks in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Environ Sustain Indic. 2021;12:100147.","journal-title":"Environ Sustain Indic"},{"key":"2807_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105454","volume":"168","author":"Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh. A A review of wastewater irrigation: environmental implications. R Resour Conserv Recycl. 2021;168:105454.","journal-title":"R Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"2807_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150795","volume":"807","author":"A Kazemi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kazemi A, Esmaeilbeigi M, Sahebi Z, Ansari A. Health risk assessment of total chromium in the Qanat as historical drinking water supplying system. Sci Total Environ. 2022;807:150795.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2807_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-022-03274-0","volume":"22","author":"M Kijowska-Struga\u0142a","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kijowska-Struga\u0142a M, Baran A, Szara-B\u0105k M, Wiejaczka \u0141, Prokop P. Soil quality under different agricultural land uses as evaluated by chemical, geochemical and ecological indicators in mountains with high rainfall (Darjeeling Himalayas, India). J Soil Sediment. 2022;22:3041\u201358.","journal-title":"J Soil Sediment"},{"key":"2807_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90143-8","volume":"14","author":"L Hakanson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res. 1980;14:975\u20131001.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2807_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131007","volume":"282","author":"F Obiri-Nyarko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Obiri-Nyarko F, Duah AA, Karikari AY, Agyekum WA, Manu E. Tagoe R assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, ghana: implication for ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2021;282:131007.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2807_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030257","volume":"11","author":"D Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li D, Lu Q, Cai L, Chen L, Wang H. Characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment in urban parks at a megacity of central China. Toxics. 2023;11:257.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2807_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128013","volume":"262","author":"N Gujre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gujre N, Mitra S, Soni A, Agnihotri R, Rangan L, Rene ER, Sharma MP. Speciation, contamination, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes. Chemosphere. 2021;262:128013.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2807_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.09.030","volume":"66","author":"C-W Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen C-W, Kao C-M, Chen C-F, Dong C-D. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere. 2007;66:1431\u201340.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2807_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1075-9","volume":"15","author":"R Hussain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hussain R, Khattak SA, Shah MT, Ali L. Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai industrial Estate, Pakistan. J Soils Sedim. 2015;15:1119\u201329.","journal-title":"J Soils Sedim"},{"key":"2807_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-019-8220-5","volume":"78","author":"A Jafari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jafari A, Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehi B, Abdipour H. Soil pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals around Douroud cement factory, Iran. Environ Earth Sci. 2019;78:250.","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2017.1403282","volume":"24","author":"H Kamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamani H, Mirzaei N, Ghaderpoori M, Bazrafshan E, Rezaei S, Mahvi AH. Concentration and ecological risk of heavy metal in street dusts of Eslamshahr, Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assesst. 2018;24:961\u201370.","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assesst"},{"key":"2807_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-19355-z","volume":"29","author":"M Duman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duman M, Kucuksezgin F, Eronat AH, Talas E, \u0130lhan T. Ayd\u0131n \u015e combining single and complex indices of pollution with grain size trend analysis of surficial sediments in Edremit Gulf, Western Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29:55609\u201329.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0513-1","volume":"25","author":"L Pan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pan L, Wang Y, Ma J, Hu Y, Su B, Fang G, Wang L. Xiang B A review of heavy metal pollution levels and health risk assessment of urban soils in Chinese cities. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25:1055\u201369.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128909","volume":"267","author":"X Kan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kan X, Dong Y, Feng L, Zhou M, Hou H. Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in china\u2019s lead\u2013zinc mine tailings: A meta\u2013analysis. Chemosphere. 2021;267:128909.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2807_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-4028-y","volume":"11","author":"N Adimalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adimalla N, Wang H. Distribution, contamination, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils from Northern Telangana, India. Arab J Geosci. 2018;11:684.","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"2807_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261957","volume":"17","author":"AG Alghamdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alghamdi AG, El-Saeid MH, Alzahrani AJ, Ibrahim HM. Heavy metal pollution and associated health risk assessment of urban dust in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0261957.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2807_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2013.04.039","volume":"18","author":"Y Du","year":"2013","unstructured":"Du Y, Gao B, Zhou H, Ju X, Hao H, Yin S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China. Procedia Environ Sci. 2013;18:299\u2013309.","journal-title":"Procedia Environ Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1926439","volume":"32","author":"K Ta\u015fpinar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ta\u015fpinar K, Ate\u015f \u00d6, Yal\u00e7in G, Kizilaslan F. Pinar M\u00d6 soil contamination and healthy risk assessment of Peach orchards soil of Bilecik Province Turkey. Int J Environ Health Res. 2022;32:1915\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2807_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2024.114588","volume":"186","author":"R Peirovi-Minaee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peirovi-Minaee R, Taghavi M, Harimi M, Zarei A. Trace elements in commercially available infant formulas in iran: determination and Estimation of health risks. Food Chem Toxicol. 2024;186:114588.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2807_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-021-00456-y","volume":"14","author":"A Adewumi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adewumi A. Heavy metals in soils and road dust in Akure City, Southwest nigeria: pollution, sources, and ecological and health risks. Expo Health. 2022;14:375\u201392.","journal-title":"Expo Health"},{"key":"2807_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118953","volume":"301","author":"P Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar P, Kumar S, Singh RP. Severe contamination of carcinogenic heavy metals and metalloid in agroecosystems and their associated health risk assessment. Environ Pollut. 2022;301:118953.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2807_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291107","DOI":"10.1080\/23311843.2017.1291107","volume":"3","author":"MS Sultana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sultana MS, Rana S, Yamazaki S, Aono T, Yoshida S. Health risk assessment for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposures from vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh. Cogent Environ Sci. 2017;3:1291107.","journal-title":"Cogent Environ Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3390\/w11030583","volume":"11","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed M, Matsumoto M, Ozaki A, Thinh NV, Kurosawa K. Heavy metal contamination of irrigation water, soil, and vegetables and the difference between dry and wet seasons near a multi-industry zone in Bangladesh. Water. 2019;11:583.","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2807_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13772","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4881-0","volume":"22","author":"A Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015;22:13772\u201399.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104932","volume":"115","author":"D Romero-Estevez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Romero-Estevez D, Yanez-Jacome GS, Navarrete H. Non-essential metal contamination in Ecuadorian agricultural production: A critical review. J Food Composit Anal. 2023;115:104932.","journal-title":"J Food Composit Anal"},{"key":"2807_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912032","volume":"19","author":"A Cervantes-Trejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cervantes-Trejo A, Leal LO. Dynamics of major and trace elements in water\u2013soil\u2013tree interaction: translocation in pyrus Malus in Chihuahua, Mexico using ICP-OES and its health risk implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:12032.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2807_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13977-6","volume":"12","author":"G Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao G, Ma Y, Liu Y, Cheng J, Wang X. Source analysis and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soils around heavy metal industry in anxin County. Sci Rep. 2022;12:10562.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2807_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oshunsanya SO. Introductory chapter: Relevance of soil pH to agriculture. Soil PH for nutrient availability and crop performance. 2018;3\u20136.","DOI":"10.5772\/68057"},{"key":"2807_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2022.2123448","volume":"32","author":"ME Shaheen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaheen ME, Tawfik W, Mankola AF, Gagnon JE, Fryer BJ, El-Mekawy. FM assessment of contamination levels of heavy metals in the agricultural soils using ICP-OES. Soil Sedim Contam. 2023;32:665\u201391.","journal-title":"Soil Sedim Contam"},{"key":"2807_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18879-8","volume":"29","author":"M-A Hoaghia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoaghia M-A, Cadar O, Moisa C, Roman C, Kovacs E. Heavy metals and health risk assessment in vegetables grown in the vicinity of a former non-metallic facility located in Romania. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29:40079\u201393.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2807_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/60351","volume":"25","author":"X Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu X, Wang Z, Lynn A, Cai J, Huangfu Y, Geng Y, Tang J. Zeng X heavy metals in wheat grown in sewage irrigation: a distribution and prediction model. Pol J Environ Stud. 2016;25:413\u201318.","journal-title":"Pol J Environ Stud"},{"key":"2807_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.09.005","volume":"58","author":"V Page","year":"2006","unstructured":"Page V, Le Bayon R-C, Feller U. Partitioning of zinc, cadmium, manganese and Cobalt in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupin (Lupinus albus) and further release into the soil. Environ Exper Bot. 2006;58:269\u201378.","journal-title":"Environ Exper Bot"},{"key":"2807_CR66","first-page":"8","volume":"3","author":"A Asdeo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asdeo A. Toxic metal contamination of staple crops (wheat and millet) in Periurban area of Western Rajasthan. Int Ref J Eng Sci. 2014;3:8\u201318.","journal-title":"Int Ref J Eng Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR67","first-page":"496","volume":"14","author":"F Ekmekyapar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ekmekyapar F, Sabudak T, Seren G. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant around the \u00c7orlu\u2013\u00c7erkezkoy highway in Thrace region. Global NEST J. 2012;14:496\u2013504.","journal-title":"Global NEST J"},{"key":"2807_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150646","volume":"806","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang L, Ren Q, Zheng K, Jiao Z, Ruan X, Wang Y. Migration of heavy metals in the soil-grape system and potential health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ. 2022;806:150646.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2807_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020193","volume":"11","author":"A Mahlungulu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahlungulu A, Kambizi L, Akinpelu EA, Nchu F. Levels of heavy metals in grapevine soil and leaf samples in response to seasonal change and farming practice in the cape winelands. Toxics. 2023;11:193.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2807_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/16583655.2020.1771833","volume":"14","author":"AM Abu Khatita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu Khatita AM, Koch R, Bamousa AO. Sources identification and contamination assessment of heavy metals in soil of middle nile Delta, Egypt. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2020;14:750\u201361.","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2019.100263","volume":"9","author":"HF Bakhat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bakhat HF, Zia Z, Abbas S, Hammad HM, Shah GM, Khalid S, Shahid N, Sajjad M. Fahad S factors controlling arsenic contamination and potential remediation measures in soil-plant systems. Groundw Sustain Dev. 2019;9:100263.","journal-title":"Groundw Sustain Dev"},{"key":"2807_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2008.05.004","volume":"90","author":"AM Idris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Idris AM. Combining multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches for assessing heavy metal level in sediments from Sudanese harbors along the red sea Coast. Microchem J. 2008;90:159\u201363.","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"2807_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.10.017","volume":"15","author":"S Jorfi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jorfi S, Maleki R, Jaafarzadeh N, Ahmadi M. Pollution load index for heavy metals in Mian-Ab plain soil, Khuzestan, Iran. Data Brief. 2017;15:584\u201390.","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"2807_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2420-0","volume":"184","author":"IK Kalavrouziotis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kalavrouziotis IK. Koukoulakis PH soil pollution under the effect of treated municipal wastewater. Environ Monit Assess. 2012;184:6297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2807_CR75","first-page":"108","volume":"14","author":"AM Rabee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rabee AM, Al-Fatlawy YF, Nameer M. Using pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I-Geo) for the assessment of heavy metals pollution in Tigris river sediment in Baghdad region. Al-Nahrain J Sci. 2011;14:108\u201314.","journal-title":"Al-Nahrain J Sci"},{"key":"2807_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9976048","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9976048","volume":"2021","author":"E Focus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Focus E, Rwiza MJ, Mohammed NK, Banzi FP. Health risk assessment of trace elements in soil for people living and working in a mining area. J Environ Public Health. 2021;2021:9976048.","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"2807_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010138","volume":"13","author":"C Kamunda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamunda C, Mathuthu M, Madhuku M. An assessment of radiological hazards from gold mine tailings in the Province of Gauteng in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:138.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2807_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00877-3","volume":"44","author":"NM Kebonye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kebonye NM, Eze PN, John K, Agyeman PC, N\u011bme\u010dek K. Bor\u016fvka L an in-depth human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in highly polluted riverine soils, P\u0159\u00edbram (Czech Republic). Environ Geochem Health. 2022;44:369\u201385.","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"2807_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16556","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04997-3","volume":"26","author":"F Jiang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jiang F, Ren B, Hursthouse A, Deng R, Wang Z. Distribution, source identification, and ecological-health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil of thallium mine area (southwestern Guizhou, China). Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019;26:16556\u201367.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"}],"container-title":["Discover Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:02:42Z","timestamp":1774436562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43621-026-02807-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2662-9984"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2662-9984","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was ethically checked (IR.GMU.REC.1400.066) by Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. No human participant was included in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"423"}}