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In this work, several ultraviolet radiation sources (a low-pressure mercury lamp, a KrCl excimer, and four UV LEDs) emitting continuous or pulsed irradiation were compared. The greatest log reductions in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> cells and <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> endospores were 4.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 (18\u00a0mJ\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) and 4.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 (42\u00a0mJ\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) with continuous 222\u00a0nm, respectively. The highest MS2 log reduction observed was 2.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 (277\u00a0nm at 3809\u00a0mJ\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>). Log reductions of SARS-CoV-2 with continuous 222 nm and 277 nm were\u2009\u2265\u20093.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7, with 13.3\u00a0mJ\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> and 60\u00a0mJ\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>, respectively. There was no statistical difference between continuous and pulsed irradiation (0.83\u201316.7% [222\u00a0nm and 277\u00a0nm] or 0.83\u201320% [280\u00a0nm] duty rates) on <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> inactivation. Pulsed 260\u00a0nm radiation (0.5% duty rate) at 260\u00a0nm yielded significantly greater log reduction for both bacteria than continuous 260\u00a0nm radiation. There was no statistical difference in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation between continuous and pulsed 222\u00a0nm UV-C radiation and pulsed 277\u00a0nm radiation demonstrated greater germicidal efficacy than continuous 277\u00a0nm radiation. Greater radiant exposure for all radiation sources was required to inactivate MS2 bacteriophage. Findings demonstrate that pulsed irradiation could be more useful than continuous UV radiation in human-occupied spaces, but threshold limit values should be respected. Pathogen-specific sensitivities, experimental setup, and quantification methods for determining germicidal efficacy remain important factors when optimizing ultraviolet radiation for surface decontamination or other applications.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-023-00521-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1706893363000},"page":"339-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Germicidal efficacy of continuous and pulsed ultraviolet-C radiation on pathogen models and SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anne Sophie","family":"Rufyikiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip W.","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Sen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Malo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Orsat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia M.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg H.","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"MacPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lefsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5008","volume":"174","author":"EA Meyerowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyerowitz, E. 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